Discrete Element Modelling of the Mechanical Behavior of Sand–Rubber Mixtures under True Triaxial Tests

Sand–rubber mixtures (SRMs) consisting of stiff sand particles and soft rubber particles are typical binary mixture materials that possess a variety of complicated properties. The complexity of the properties of sand–rubber mixtures is increased when complex stress path is involved. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of sand–rubber mixtures under generalized loading conditions using the discrete element method. A series of numerical true triaxial shear tests were conducted on pure sand and sand–rubber mixtures. The effect of rubber content and loading path on both of the macroscopic and microscopic performances of sand–rubber mixtures was investigated, and the associated microscale mechanism was also discussed. Numerical simulations show that the relationship between the peak friction angle [Formula: see text] and the intermediate principal stress ratio [Formula: see text] is influenced by the addition of rubber particles, and a suggested explanation of this phenomenon is that the rubber particles mainly affect the inherent stability of the strong network. Particle-scale observations, including the coordinate number, the proportion of strong contacts, and the fabric anisotropy, are also presented in this study. Microscopic results confirm the explanation above, and explore the force transmission characteristics of sand–rubber mixtures under generalized loading conditions. This research can provide a reference for the constitutive model development of sand–rubber mixtures.