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Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China

Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution...

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Autores principales: Liu, Yu, Li, Xurui, Wang, Wan, Yin, Baohui, Gao, Yuanguan, Yang, Xiaoyang
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7765913/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33419360
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249553
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author Liu, Yu
Li, Xurui
Wang, Wan
Yin, Baohui
Gao, Yuanguan
Yang, Xiaoyang
author_facet Liu, Yu
Li, Xurui
Wang, Wan
Yin, Baohui
Gao, Yuanguan
Yang, Xiaoyang
author_sort Liu, Yu
collection PubMed
description Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM(2.5), a field campaign was conducted from 6–26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM(10) and PM(2.5) filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m(3) for PM(10) and PM(2.5), respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM(10) were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m(3), respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m(3) and 289 pg/m(3), respectively, in atmospheric PM(10) of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM(10). The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m(3) in PM(10) and PM(2.5), respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO(3)(−)/SO(4)(2−) were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM(10) and PM(2.5), respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO(4)(2−) concentrations and low NO(3)(−)/SO(4)(2−) ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree.
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spelling pubmed-77659132020-12-28 Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China Liu, Yu Li, Xurui Wang, Wan Yin, Baohui Gao, Yuanguan Yang, Xiaoyang Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM(2.5), a field campaign was conducted from 6–26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM(10) and PM(2.5) filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m(3) for PM(10) and PM(2.5), respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM(10) were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m(3), respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m(3) and 289 pg/m(3), respectively, in atmospheric PM(10) of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM(10). The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m(3) in PM(10) and PM(2.5), respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO(3)(−)/SO(4)(2−) were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM(10) and PM(2.5), respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO(4)(2−) concentrations and low NO(3)(−)/SO(4)(2−) ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree. MDPI 2020-12-20 2020-12 /pmc/articles/PMC7765913/ /pubmed/33419360 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249553 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Liu, Yu
Li, Xurui
Wang, Wan
Yin, Baohui
Gao, Yuanguan
Yang, Xiaoyang
Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China
title Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China
title_full Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China
title_fullStr Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China
title_full_unstemmed Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China
title_short Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM(10) and PM(2.5) at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China
title_sort chemical characteristics of atmospheric pm(10) and pm(2.5) at a rural site of lijiang city, china
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7765913/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33419360
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249553
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