Identification, Characterization, and Stress Responsiveness of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes in Highland Barley

G6PDH provides intermediate metabolites and reducing power (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) for plant metabolism, and plays a pivotal role in the cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we cloned five G6PDH genes (HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH5) from highland barley and characterized their encoded proteins. Functional analysis of HvG6PDHs in E. coli showed that HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH5 encode the functional G6PDH proteins. Subcellular localization and phylogenetic analysis indicated that HvG6PDH2 and HvG6PDH5 are localized in the cytoplasm, while HvG6PDH1, HvG6PDH3, and HvG6PDH4 are plastidic isoforms. Analysis of enzymatic activities and gene expression showed that HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH4 are involved in responses to salt and drought stresses. The cytosolic HvG6PDH2 is the major isoform against oxidative stress. HvG6PDH5 may be a house-keeping gene. In addition, HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH4 and their encoded enzymes responded to jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, implying that JA and ABA are probably critical regulators of HvG6PDHs (except for HvG6PDH5). Reactive oxygen species analysis showed that inhibition of cytosolic and plastidic G6PDH activities leads to increased H(2)O(2) and O(2)(−) contents in highland barley under salt and drought stresses. These results suggest that G6PDH can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and that cytosolic HvG6PDH2 is an irreplaceable isoform against oxidative stress in highland barley.