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Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in da...

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Autores principales: Bartlett, Paul C., Ruggiero, Vickie J., Hutchinson, Holden C., Droscha, Casey J., Norby, Bo, Sporer, Kelly R. B., Taxis, Tasia M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766781/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33352855
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121058
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author Bartlett, Paul C.
Ruggiero, Vickie J.
Hutchinson, Holden C.
Droscha, Casey J.
Norby, Bo
Sporer, Kelly R. B.
Taxis, Tasia M.
author_facet Bartlett, Paul C.
Ruggiero, Vickie J.
Hutchinson, Holden C.
Droscha, Casey J.
Norby, Bo
Sporer, Kelly R. B.
Taxis, Tasia M.
author_sort Bartlett, Paul C.
collection PubMed
description Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in dairy cattle has a greater impact beyond the long-recognized lymphoma development that occurs in <5% of infected cattle. Like other retroviruses, BLV appears to cause multiple immune system disruptions, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity, which are likely responsible for increasingly documented associations with decreased dairy production and decreased productive lifespan. Realization of these economic losses has increased interest in controlling BLV using technology that was unavailable decades ago, when many nations eradicated BLV via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This traditional control is not economically feasible for many nations where the average herd antibody prevalence is rapidly approaching 50%. The ELISA screening of cattle with follow-up testing via qPCR for proviral load helps prioritize the most infectious cattle for segregation or culling. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in at least four herds. Breeding cattle for resistance to BLV disease progression also appears to hold promise, and several laboratories are working on BLV vaccines. There are many research priorities for a wide variety of disciplines, especially including the need to investigate the reports linking BLV and human breast cancer.
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spelling pubmed-77667812020-12-28 Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus Bartlett, Paul C. Ruggiero, Vickie J. Hutchinson, Holden C. Droscha, Casey J. Norby, Bo Sporer, Kelly R. B. Taxis, Tasia M. Pathogens Review Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in dairy cattle has a greater impact beyond the long-recognized lymphoma development that occurs in <5% of infected cattle. Like other retroviruses, BLV appears to cause multiple immune system disruptions, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity, which are likely responsible for increasingly documented associations with decreased dairy production and decreased productive lifespan. Realization of these economic losses has increased interest in controlling BLV using technology that was unavailable decades ago, when many nations eradicated BLV via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This traditional control is not economically feasible for many nations where the average herd antibody prevalence is rapidly approaching 50%. The ELISA screening of cattle with follow-up testing via qPCR for proviral load helps prioritize the most infectious cattle for segregation or culling. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in at least four herds. Breeding cattle for resistance to BLV disease progression also appears to hold promise, and several laboratories are working on BLV vaccines. There are many research priorities for a wide variety of disciplines, especially including the need to investigate the reports linking BLV and human breast cancer. MDPI 2020-12-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7766781/ /pubmed/33352855 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121058 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Bartlett, Paul C.
Ruggiero, Vickie J.
Hutchinson, Holden C.
Droscha, Casey J.
Norby, Bo
Sporer, Kelly R. B.
Taxis, Tasia M.
Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus
title Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus
title_full Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus
title_fullStr Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus
title_full_unstemmed Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus
title_short Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus
title_sort current developments in the epidemiology and control of enzootic bovine leukosis as caused by bovine leukemia virus
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766781/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33352855
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121058
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