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In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring
Photoplethysmography is an extensively-used, portable, and noninvasive technique for measuring vital parameters such as heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. The deployment of this technology in veterinary medicine has been hindered by the challenges in effective transmission of light pr...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766824/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33371238 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247335 |
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author | Valero-Sarmiento, Jose Manuel Ahmmed, Parvez Bozkurt, Alper |
author_facet | Valero-Sarmiento, Jose Manuel Ahmmed, Parvez Bozkurt, Alper |
author_sort | Valero-Sarmiento, Jose Manuel |
collection | PubMed |
description | Photoplethysmography is an extensively-used, portable, and noninvasive technique for measuring vital parameters such as heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. The deployment of this technology in veterinary medicine has been hindered by the challenges in effective transmission of light presented by the thick layer of skin and fur of the animal. We propose an injectable capsule system to circumvent these limitations by accessing the subcutaneous tissue to enable reliable signal acquisition even with lower light brightness. In addition to the reduction of power usage, the injection of the capsule offers a less invasive alternative to surgical implantation. Our current prototype combines two application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with a microcontroller and interfaces with a commercial light emitting diode (LED) and photodetector pair. These ASICs implement a signal-conditioning analog front end circuit and a frequency-shift keying (FSK) transmitter respectively. The small footprint of the ASICs is the key in the integration of the complete system inside a 40-mm long glass tube with an inner diameter of 4 mm, which enables its injection using a custom syringe similar to the ones used with microchip implants for animal identification. The recorded data is transferred wirelessly to a computer for post-processing by means of the integrated FSK transmitter and a software-defined radio. Our optimized LED duty cycle of 0.4% at a sampling rate of 200 Hz minimizes the contribution of the LED driver (only 0.8 mW including the front-end circuitry) to the total power consumption of the system. This will allow longer recording periods between the charging cycles of the batteries, which is critical given the very limited space inside the capsule. In this work, we demonstrate the wireless operation of the injectable system with a human subject holding the sensor between the fingers and the in vivo functionality of the subcutaneous sensing on a pilot study performed on anesthetized rat subjects. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7766824 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77668242020-12-28 In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring Valero-Sarmiento, Jose Manuel Ahmmed, Parvez Bozkurt, Alper Sensors (Basel) Article Photoplethysmography is an extensively-used, portable, and noninvasive technique for measuring vital parameters such as heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. The deployment of this technology in veterinary medicine has been hindered by the challenges in effective transmission of light presented by the thick layer of skin and fur of the animal. We propose an injectable capsule system to circumvent these limitations by accessing the subcutaneous tissue to enable reliable signal acquisition even with lower light brightness. In addition to the reduction of power usage, the injection of the capsule offers a less invasive alternative to surgical implantation. Our current prototype combines two application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with a microcontroller and interfaces with a commercial light emitting diode (LED) and photodetector pair. These ASICs implement a signal-conditioning analog front end circuit and a frequency-shift keying (FSK) transmitter respectively. The small footprint of the ASICs is the key in the integration of the complete system inside a 40-mm long glass tube with an inner diameter of 4 mm, which enables its injection using a custom syringe similar to the ones used with microchip implants for animal identification. The recorded data is transferred wirelessly to a computer for post-processing by means of the integrated FSK transmitter and a software-defined radio. Our optimized LED duty cycle of 0.4% at a sampling rate of 200 Hz minimizes the contribution of the LED driver (only 0.8 mW including the front-end circuitry) to the total power consumption of the system. This will allow longer recording periods between the charging cycles of the batteries, which is critical given the very limited space inside the capsule. In this work, we demonstrate the wireless operation of the injectable system with a human subject holding the sensor between the fingers and the in vivo functionality of the subcutaneous sensing on a pilot study performed on anesthetized rat subjects. MDPI 2020-12-21 /pmc/articles/PMC7766824/ /pubmed/33371238 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247335 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Valero-Sarmiento, Jose Manuel Ahmmed, Parvez Bozkurt, Alper In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring |
title | In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring |
title_full | In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring |
title_fullStr | In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring |
title_full_unstemmed | In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring |
title_short | In Vivo Evaluation of a Subcutaneously Injectable Implant with a Low-Power Photoplethysmography ASIC for Animal Monitoring |
title_sort | in vivo evaluation of a subcutaneously injectable implant with a low-power photoplethysmography asic for animal monitoring |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766824/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33371238 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247335 |
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