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Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004

Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US...

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Autores principales: Melough, Melissa M., Foster, Deborah, Sathyanarayana, Sheela
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7767253/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33339272
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123844
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author Melough, Melissa M.
Foster, Deborah
Sathyanarayana, Sheela
author_facet Melough, Melissa M.
Foster, Deborah
Sathyanarayana, Sheela
author_sort Melough, Melissa M.
collection PubMed
description Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US adults and children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Melamine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples. Dietary recalls were used to collect dietary data from the day preceding urine collection. Melamine was detectable (>0.09 ng/mL) in 76.2% of the participants’ urine. The geometric mean urinary melamine was 11.563 µg/g of creatinine (standard error (SE): 1.235). In adjusted linear regression models, each additional ounce of processed meats or whole grains was associated with 10.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7, 19.0; p = 0.007) or 17.4% (95% CI: 4.7, 31.7; p = 0.006) greater creatinine-adjusted melamine concentrations, respectively. A dietary pattern characterized by high fruit, whole grain, milk, and yogurt intake was positively associated with melamine exposure. In conclusion, processed meats, whole grains, and possibly other plant-based foods may be important melamine sources in the US. Future research should confirm these findings using more recent data and examine the potential health risks of chronic low-level melamine exposure.
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spelling pubmed-77672532020-12-28 Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 Melough, Melissa M. Foster, Deborah Sathyanarayana, Sheela Nutrients Article Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US adults and children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Melamine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples. Dietary recalls were used to collect dietary data from the day preceding urine collection. Melamine was detectable (>0.09 ng/mL) in 76.2% of the participants’ urine. The geometric mean urinary melamine was 11.563 µg/g of creatinine (standard error (SE): 1.235). In adjusted linear regression models, each additional ounce of processed meats or whole grains was associated with 10.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7, 19.0; p = 0.007) or 17.4% (95% CI: 4.7, 31.7; p = 0.006) greater creatinine-adjusted melamine concentrations, respectively. A dietary pattern characterized by high fruit, whole grain, milk, and yogurt intake was positively associated with melamine exposure. In conclusion, processed meats, whole grains, and possibly other plant-based foods may be important melamine sources in the US. Future research should confirm these findings using more recent data and examine the potential health risks of chronic low-level melamine exposure. MDPI 2020-12-16 /pmc/articles/PMC7767253/ /pubmed/33339272 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123844 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Melough, Melissa M.
Foster, Deborah
Sathyanarayana, Sheela
Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
title Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
title_full Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
title_fullStr Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
title_full_unstemmed Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
title_short Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
title_sort dietary sources of melamine exposure among us children and adults in the national health and nutrition examination survey 2003–2004
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7767253/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33339272
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123844
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