Pacing-associated cardiomyopathy in adult congenital heart disease

OBJECTIVES: Long-term single-site ventricular pacing may adversely affect ventricular function, due to dyssynchronous systemic ventricular contraction. We sought to determine the incidence, predictors and outcomes of pacing-associated cardiomyopathy (PACM) in an adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively identified all patients in our database with a permanent pacemaker from 2000 to 2019. Patients were followed for the primary endpoint of unexplained decline in systemic ventricular function (PACM) and the secondary endpoint of heart failure admission. RESULTS: Of 2073 patients in our database, 106 had undergone pacemaker implantation. Over a median follow-up of 9.4 years, 25 patients (24%) developed PACM, but only in those with ventricular pacing percentage (VP%) ≥70%; PACM occurred in 0% of those with VP <70% and 47% of those with VP ≥70% (p<0.001). High-burden ventricular pacing (≥70%) remained predictive of PACM in transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot and complex biventricular repair subgroups, but not in Fontan patients. Those with PACM were more likely to be admitted with heart failure (44% vs 15%, p=0.002). Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) upgrade was performed in 11 patients, with 9 responders (82%). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of patients with ACHD followed long-term post-pacing, 24% developed cardiomyopathy that was significantly associated with a higher burden of ventricular pacing (VP ≥70%). Given promising response rates to CRT, patients with ACHD expected to pace in the ventricle should be closely monitored for systemic ventricular decline.