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Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN

Bacteria face diverse stresses in the environment and, sometimes, respond by forming multi-cellular structures, e.g., biofilms. Here, we report a novel macroscopic and multi-cellular structure formed by Salmonella Typhimurium, which resembles small strings. These string-like structures, ∼1 cm long,...

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Autores principales: Varghese, Alan, Ray, Semanti, Verma, Taru, Nandi, Dipankar
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7769011/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33381103
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.613704
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author Varghese, Alan
Ray, Semanti
Verma, Taru
Nandi, Dipankar
author_facet Varghese, Alan
Ray, Semanti
Verma, Taru
Nandi, Dipankar
author_sort Varghese, Alan
collection PubMed
description Bacteria face diverse stresses in the environment and, sometimes, respond by forming multi-cellular structures, e.g., biofilms. Here, we report a novel macroscopic and multi-cellular structure formed by Salmonella Typhimurium, which resembles small strings. These string-like structures, ∼1 cm long, are induced under some stress conditions: iron deprivation by 2,2-Bipyridyl or low amounts of antibiotics or ethanol in minimal media. However, cells in strings revert back to planktonic growth upon return to nutrient rich media. Compared to planktonic cells, strings are more resistant to antibiotics and oxidative stress. Also, strains lacking csgD or rpoS, which are defective in the classical rdar biofilm formation, form strings. Furthermore, some biofilm inducing conditions do not result in strings and vice-versa, demonstrating that strings are not related to classical CsgD-dependent biofilms. Cells in a string are held together by cellulose and a strain lacking bcsA, which is defective in cellulose production, does not form strings. In addition, reductive stress conditions such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or mutations in the Disulfide bonding system (DSB) also give rise to strings. The amounts of c-di-GMP are increased upon string formation and studies with single and double deletion strains of the diguanylate cyclases, yedQ (STM1987) primarily and yfiN (STM2672) partly, revealed their importance for string formation. This is the first study showcasing the ability of Salmonella to produce high amounts of cellulose in liquid culture, instead of an interface, in a CsgD-independent manner. The relevance and possible applications of strings in the production of bacterial cellulose and bioremediation are discussed.
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spelling pubmed-77690112020-12-29 Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN Varghese, Alan Ray, Semanti Verma, Taru Nandi, Dipankar Front Microbiol Microbiology Bacteria face diverse stresses in the environment and, sometimes, respond by forming multi-cellular structures, e.g., biofilms. Here, we report a novel macroscopic and multi-cellular structure formed by Salmonella Typhimurium, which resembles small strings. These string-like structures, ∼1 cm long, are induced under some stress conditions: iron deprivation by 2,2-Bipyridyl or low amounts of antibiotics or ethanol in minimal media. However, cells in strings revert back to planktonic growth upon return to nutrient rich media. Compared to planktonic cells, strings are more resistant to antibiotics and oxidative stress. Also, strains lacking csgD or rpoS, which are defective in the classical rdar biofilm formation, form strings. Furthermore, some biofilm inducing conditions do not result in strings and vice-versa, demonstrating that strings are not related to classical CsgD-dependent biofilms. Cells in a string are held together by cellulose and a strain lacking bcsA, which is defective in cellulose production, does not form strings. In addition, reductive stress conditions such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or mutations in the Disulfide bonding system (DSB) also give rise to strings. The amounts of c-di-GMP are increased upon string formation and studies with single and double deletion strains of the diguanylate cyclases, yedQ (STM1987) primarily and yfiN (STM2672) partly, revealed their importance for string formation. This is the first study showcasing the ability of Salmonella to produce high amounts of cellulose in liquid culture, instead of an interface, in a CsgD-independent manner. The relevance and possible applications of strings in the production of bacterial cellulose and bioremediation are discussed. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-12-14 /pmc/articles/PMC7769011/ /pubmed/33381103 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.613704 Text en Copyright © 2020 Varghese, Ray, Verma and Nandi. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Varghese, Alan
Ray, Semanti
Verma, Taru
Nandi, Dipankar
Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN
title Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN
title_full Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN
title_fullStr Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN
title_full_unstemmed Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN
title_short Multicellular String-Like Structure Formation by Salmonella Typhimurium Depends on Cellulose Production: Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases, YedQ and YfiN
title_sort multicellular string-like structure formation by salmonella typhimurium depends on cellulose production: roles of diguanylate cyclases, yedq and yfin
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7769011/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33381103
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.613704
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