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Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019

Objective: To evaluate the changing pattern of distribution of Schedule II and III opioids, barbiturates, and stimulants to veterinary educational institutions in the United States. Design: Longitudinal study. Sample: Veterinary teaching institutions that use Schedule II and III drugs. Procedures: D...

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Autores principales: Piper, Brian J., McCall, Kenneth L., Kogan, Lori R., Hellyer, Peter
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7775551/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33392300
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.615646
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author Piper, Brian J.
McCall, Kenneth L.
Kogan, Lori R.
Hellyer, Peter
author_facet Piper, Brian J.
McCall, Kenneth L.
Kogan, Lori R.
Hellyer, Peter
author_sort Piper, Brian J.
collection PubMed
description Objective: To evaluate the changing pattern of distribution of Schedule II and III opioids, barbiturates, and stimulants to veterinary educational institutions in the United States. Design: Longitudinal study. Sample: Veterinary teaching institutions that use Schedule II and III drugs. Procedures: Distribution of controlled substances to veterinary teaching institutions was obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration's Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) for opioids (e.g., methadone, fentanyl, codeine), barbiturates (pentobarbital, butalbital), and stimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine) from 2006–2019. Opioids were converted to their morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for evaluation over time. Results: Controlled substance distribution to veterinary schools exhibited dynamic, and agent specific, changes. The total MME for 11 opioids peaked in 2013 and decreased by 17.3% in 2019. Methadone accounted for two-fifths (42.3%) and fentanyl over one-third (35.4%) of the total MME in 2019. Pentobarbital distribution was greatest by weight of all substances studied and peaked in 2011 at 69.4 kg. Stimulants underwent a pronounced decline and were very modest by 2014. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Opioids by total MME in veterinary teaching practice have undergone more modest changes than opioids used with humans. Hydrocodone, codeine and recently fentanyl use have declined while methadone increased. Stimulant distribution decreased to become negligible. Together, this pattern of findings warrant continued monitoring.
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spelling pubmed-77755512021-01-02 Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019 Piper, Brian J. McCall, Kenneth L. Kogan, Lori R. Hellyer, Peter Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science Objective: To evaluate the changing pattern of distribution of Schedule II and III opioids, barbiturates, and stimulants to veterinary educational institutions in the United States. Design: Longitudinal study. Sample: Veterinary teaching institutions that use Schedule II and III drugs. Procedures: Distribution of controlled substances to veterinary teaching institutions was obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration's Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) for opioids (e.g., methadone, fentanyl, codeine), barbiturates (pentobarbital, butalbital), and stimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine) from 2006–2019. Opioids were converted to their morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for evaluation over time. Results: Controlled substance distribution to veterinary schools exhibited dynamic, and agent specific, changes. The total MME for 11 opioids peaked in 2013 and decreased by 17.3% in 2019. Methadone accounted for two-fifths (42.3%) and fentanyl over one-third (35.4%) of the total MME in 2019. Pentobarbital distribution was greatest by weight of all substances studied and peaked in 2011 at 69.4 kg. Stimulants underwent a pronounced decline and were very modest by 2014. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Opioids by total MME in veterinary teaching practice have undergone more modest changes than opioids used with humans. Hydrocodone, codeine and recently fentanyl use have declined while methadone increased. Stimulant distribution decreased to become negligible. Together, this pattern of findings warrant continued monitoring. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-12-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7775551/ /pubmed/33392300 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.615646 Text en Copyright © 2020 Piper, McCall, Kogan and Hellyer. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Veterinary Science
Piper, Brian J.
McCall, Kenneth L.
Kogan, Lori R.
Hellyer, Peter
Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019
title Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019
title_full Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019
title_fullStr Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019
title_full_unstemmed Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019
title_short Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019
title_sort assessment of controlled substance distribution to u.s. veterinary teaching institutions from 2006 to 2019
topic Veterinary Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7775551/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33392300
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.615646
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