Effects of gas sparging and mechanical mixing on sonochemical oxidation activity

The effects of air sparging (0–16 L min(−1)) and mechanical mixing (0–400 rpm) on enhancing the sonochemical degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated using a 28 kHz sonoreactor. The degradation of RhB followed pseudo first-order kinetics, where sparging or mixing induced a large sonochemical enhancement. The kinetic constant varied in three stages (gradually increased → increased exponentially → decreased slightly) as the rate of sparging or mixing increased, where the stages were similar for both processes. The highest sonochemical activity was obtained with sparging at 8 L min(−1) or mixing at 200 rpm, where the standing wave field was significantly deformed by sparging and mixing, respectively. The cavitational oxidation activity was concentrated at the bottom of the sonicator when higher sparging or mixing rates were employed. Therefore, the large enhancement in the sonochemical oxidation was attributed mainly to the direct disturbance of the ultrasound transmission and the resulting change in the cavitation-active zone in this study. The effect of the position of air sparging and mixing was investigated. The indirect inhibition of the ultrasound transmission resulted in less enhancement of the sonochemical activity. Moreover, the effect of various sparging gases including air, N(2), O(2), Ar, CO(2), and an Ar/O(2) (8:2) mixture was compared, where all gases except CO(2) induced an enhancement in the sonochemical activity, irrespective of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The highest activity was obtained with the Ar/O(2) (8:2) mixture. Therefore, it was revealed that the sonochemical oxidation activity could be further enhanced by applying gas sparging using the optimal gas.