Cargando…

Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration

Along with emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, a myriad of neurologic symptoms, associated with structural brain changes, were reported. In this paper, we provide evidence to critically discuss the claim that the survived patients could p...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Dolatshahi, Mahsa, Sabahi, Mohammadmahdi, Aarabi, Mohammad Hadi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer US 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7791539/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33417221
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02236-2
_version_ 1783633615787130880
author Dolatshahi, Mahsa
Sabahi, Mohammadmahdi
Aarabi, Mohammad Hadi
author_facet Dolatshahi, Mahsa
Sabahi, Mohammadmahdi
Aarabi, Mohammad Hadi
author_sort Dolatshahi, Mahsa
collection PubMed
description Along with emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, a myriad of neurologic symptoms, associated with structural brain changes, were reported. In this paper, we provide evidence to critically discuss the claim that the survived patients could possibly be at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases via various mechanisms. This virus can directly invade the brain through olfactory bulb, retrograde axonal transport from peripheral nerve endings, or via hematogenous or lymphatic routes. Infection of the neurons along with peripheral leukocytes activation results in pro-inflammatory cytokine increment, rendering the brain to neurodegenerative changes. Also, occupation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) with the virus may lead to a decline in ACE-2 activity, which acts as a neuroprotective factor. Furthermore, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septicemia induce hypoxemia and hypoperfusion, which are locally exacerbated due to the hypercoagulable state and micro-thrombosis in brain vessels, leading to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Common risk factors for COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases, such as metabolic risk factors, genetic predispositions, and even gut microbiota dysbiosis, can contribute to higher occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases in COVID-19 survivors. However, it should be considered that severity of the infection, the extent of neurologic symptoms, and the persistence of viral infection consequences are major determinants of this association. Importantly, whether this pandemic will increase the overall incidence of neurodegeneration is not clear, as a high percentage of patients with severe form of COVID-19 might probably not survive enough to develop neurodegenerative diseases.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7791539
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher Springer US
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-77915392021-01-08 Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration Dolatshahi, Mahsa Sabahi, Mohammadmahdi Aarabi, Mohammad Hadi Mol Neurobiol Article Along with emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, a myriad of neurologic symptoms, associated with structural brain changes, were reported. In this paper, we provide evidence to critically discuss the claim that the survived patients could possibly be at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases via various mechanisms. This virus can directly invade the brain through olfactory bulb, retrograde axonal transport from peripheral nerve endings, or via hematogenous or lymphatic routes. Infection of the neurons along with peripheral leukocytes activation results in pro-inflammatory cytokine increment, rendering the brain to neurodegenerative changes. Also, occupation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) with the virus may lead to a decline in ACE-2 activity, which acts as a neuroprotective factor. Furthermore, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septicemia induce hypoxemia and hypoperfusion, which are locally exacerbated due to the hypercoagulable state and micro-thrombosis in brain vessels, leading to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Common risk factors for COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases, such as metabolic risk factors, genetic predispositions, and even gut microbiota dysbiosis, can contribute to higher occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases in COVID-19 survivors. However, it should be considered that severity of the infection, the extent of neurologic symptoms, and the persistence of viral infection consequences are major determinants of this association. Importantly, whether this pandemic will increase the overall incidence of neurodegeneration is not clear, as a high percentage of patients with severe form of COVID-19 might probably not survive enough to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Springer US 2021-01-08 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC7791539/ /pubmed/33417221 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02236-2 Text en © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021, corrected publication 2021 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
spellingShingle Article
Dolatshahi, Mahsa
Sabahi, Mohammadmahdi
Aarabi, Mohammad Hadi
Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration
title Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration
title_full Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration
title_fullStr Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration
title_full_unstemmed Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration
title_short Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration
title_sort pathophysiological clues to how the emergent sars-cov-2 can potentially increase the susceptibility to neurodegeneration
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7791539/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33417221
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02236-2
work_keys_str_mv AT dolatshahimahsa pathophysiologicalcluestohowtheemergentsarscov2canpotentiallyincreasethesusceptibilitytoneurodegeneration
AT sabahimohammadmahdi pathophysiologicalcluestohowtheemergentsarscov2canpotentiallyincreasethesusceptibilitytoneurodegeneration
AT aarabimohammadhadi pathophysiologicalcluestohowtheemergentsarscov2canpotentiallyincreasethesusceptibilitytoneurodegeneration