Overcoming Energetic Barriers in Acetogenic C1 Conversion

Currently one of the biggest challenges for society is to combat global warming. A solution to this global threat is the implementation of a CO(2)-based bioeconomy and a H(2)-based bioenergy economy. Anaerobic lithotrophic bacteria such as the acetogenic bacteria are key players in the global carbon and H(2) cycle and thus prime candidates as driving forces in a H(2)- and CO(2)-bioeconomy. Naturally, they convert two molecules of CO(2) via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) to one molecule of acetyl-CoA which can be converted to different C2-products (acetate or ethanol) or elongated to C4 (butyrate) or C5-products (caproate). Since there is no net ATP generation from acetate formation, an electron-transport phosphorylation (ETP) module is hooked up to the WLP. ETP provides the cell with additional ATP, but the ATP gain is very low, only a fraction of an ATP per mol of acetate. Since acetogens live at the thermodynamic edge of life, metabolic engineering to obtain high-value products is currently limited by the low energy status of the cells that allows for the production of only a few compounds with rather low specificity. To set the stage for acetogens as production platforms for a wide range of bioproducts from CO(2), the energetic barriers have to be overcome. This review summarizes the pathway, the energetics of the pathway and describes ways to overcome energetic barriers in acetogenic C1 conversion.