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Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity

Mucosal barriers are active sites that encounter a bombardment of antigenic stimuli derived from both the commensal flora and a variety of pathogens, as well as from environmental insults. As such, the ability to mount appropriate innate immune responses is an important first line of defense that co...

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Autores principales: De Salvo, Carlo, Buela, Kristine-Ann, Pizarro, Theresa T.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7794016/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33424837
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585319
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author De Salvo, Carlo
Buela, Kristine-Ann
Pizarro, Theresa T.
author_facet De Salvo, Carlo
Buela, Kristine-Ann
Pizarro, Theresa T.
author_sort De Salvo, Carlo
collection PubMed
description Mucosal barriers are active sites that encounter a bombardment of antigenic stimuli derived from both the commensal flora and a variety of pathogens, as well as from environmental insults. As such, the ability to mount appropriate innate immune responses is an important first line of defense that confers protection to the host. Central to innate immunity are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which were first described a decade ago, and represent a family of heterogeneous cells driven by specific transcription factors and exhibit distinct cytokine profiles that are shared with their CD4(+) T-helper cell counterparts. ILCs are particularly enriched at mucosal surfaces, and the tissue microenvironment and cytokine milieu in which ILCs reside are critical factors that drive the behavior and overall function of these cells. In fact, ILCs situated at mucosal barriers must be able to temper their response to a constant exposure of environmental antigens, but also promptly react to pathogens or signals that are potentially harmful to the host. In this context, the ability of ILCs to readily transdifferentiate in response to their dynamic surroundings has become a vigorous area of research, and defining specific mechanism(s) of ILC plasticity is at the advent of discovery. This review will summarize what is currently known regarding the network of cytokines and regulatory elements that enable ILCs to readily transform, based on the range of diverse signals and signal gradients they encounter that lead to either protective or pathogenic function(s), with focus on the gut mucosal immune system.
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spelling pubmed-77940162021-01-09 Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity De Salvo, Carlo Buela, Kristine-Ann Pizarro, Theresa T. Front Immunol Immunology Mucosal barriers are active sites that encounter a bombardment of antigenic stimuli derived from both the commensal flora and a variety of pathogens, as well as from environmental insults. As such, the ability to mount appropriate innate immune responses is an important first line of defense that confers protection to the host. Central to innate immunity are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which were first described a decade ago, and represent a family of heterogeneous cells driven by specific transcription factors and exhibit distinct cytokine profiles that are shared with their CD4(+) T-helper cell counterparts. ILCs are particularly enriched at mucosal surfaces, and the tissue microenvironment and cytokine milieu in which ILCs reside are critical factors that drive the behavior and overall function of these cells. In fact, ILCs situated at mucosal barriers must be able to temper their response to a constant exposure of environmental antigens, but also promptly react to pathogens or signals that are potentially harmful to the host. In this context, the ability of ILCs to readily transdifferentiate in response to their dynamic surroundings has become a vigorous area of research, and defining specific mechanism(s) of ILC plasticity is at the advent of discovery. This review will summarize what is currently known regarding the network of cytokines and regulatory elements that enable ILCs to readily transform, based on the range of diverse signals and signal gradients they encounter that lead to either protective or pathogenic function(s), with focus on the gut mucosal immune system. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-12-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7794016/ /pubmed/33424837 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585319 Text en Copyright © 2020 De Salvo, Buela and Pizarro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
De Salvo, Carlo
Buela, Kristine-Ann
Pizarro, Theresa T.
Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity
title Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity
title_full Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity
title_fullStr Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity
title_full_unstemmed Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity
title_short Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity
title_sort cytokine-mediated regulation of innate lymphoid cell plasticity in gut mucosal immunity
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7794016/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33424837
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585319
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