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Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving

Automated vehicles (AVs) will change the role of the driver, from actively controlling the vehicle to primarily monitoring it. Removing the driver from the control loop could fundamentally change the way that drivers sample visual information from the scene, and in particular, alter the gaze pattern...

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Autores principales: Mole, Callum, Pekkanen, Jami, Sheppard, William E. A., Markkula, Gustav, Wilkie, Richard M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7794576/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33420150
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80126-2
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author Mole, Callum
Pekkanen, Jami
Sheppard, William E. A.
Markkula, Gustav
Wilkie, Richard M.
author_facet Mole, Callum
Pekkanen, Jami
Sheppard, William E. A.
Markkula, Gustav
Wilkie, Richard M.
author_sort Mole, Callum
collection PubMed
description Automated vehicles (AVs) will change the role of the driver, from actively controlling the vehicle to primarily monitoring it. Removing the driver from the control loop could fundamentally change the way that drivers sample visual information from the scene, and in particular, alter the gaze patterns generated when under AV control. To better understand how automation affects gaze patterns this experiment used tightly controlled experimental conditions with a series of transitions from ‘Manual’ control to ‘Automated’ vehicle control. Automated trials were produced using either a ‘Replay’ of the driver’s own steering trajectories or standard ‘Stock’ trials that were identical for all participants. Gaze patterns produced during Manual and Automated conditions were recorded and compared. Overall the gaze patterns across conditions were very similar, but detailed analysis shows that drivers looked slightly further ahead (increased gaze time headway) during Automation with only small differences between Stock and Replay trials. A novel mixture modelling method decomposed gaze patterns into two distinct categories and revealed that the gaze time headway increased during Automation. Further analyses revealed that while there was a general shift to look further ahead (and fixate the bend entry earlier) when under automated vehicle control, similar waypoint-tracking gaze patterns were produced during Manual driving and Automation. The consistency of gaze patterns across driving modes suggests that active-gaze models (developed for manual driving) might be useful for monitoring driver engagement during Automated driving, with deviations in gaze behaviour from what would be expected during manual control potentially indicating that a driver is not closely monitoring the automated system.
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spelling pubmed-77945762021-01-12 Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving Mole, Callum Pekkanen, Jami Sheppard, William E. A. Markkula, Gustav Wilkie, Richard M. Sci Rep Article Automated vehicles (AVs) will change the role of the driver, from actively controlling the vehicle to primarily monitoring it. Removing the driver from the control loop could fundamentally change the way that drivers sample visual information from the scene, and in particular, alter the gaze patterns generated when under AV control. To better understand how automation affects gaze patterns this experiment used tightly controlled experimental conditions with a series of transitions from ‘Manual’ control to ‘Automated’ vehicle control. Automated trials were produced using either a ‘Replay’ of the driver’s own steering trajectories or standard ‘Stock’ trials that were identical for all participants. Gaze patterns produced during Manual and Automated conditions were recorded and compared. Overall the gaze patterns across conditions were very similar, but detailed analysis shows that drivers looked slightly further ahead (increased gaze time headway) during Automation with only small differences between Stock and Replay trials. A novel mixture modelling method decomposed gaze patterns into two distinct categories and revealed that the gaze time headway increased during Automation. Further analyses revealed that while there was a general shift to look further ahead (and fixate the bend entry earlier) when under automated vehicle control, similar waypoint-tracking gaze patterns were produced during Manual driving and Automation. The consistency of gaze patterns across driving modes suggests that active-gaze models (developed for manual driving) might be useful for monitoring driver engagement during Automated driving, with deviations in gaze behaviour from what would be expected during manual control potentially indicating that a driver is not closely monitoring the automated system. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-01-08 /pmc/articles/PMC7794576/ /pubmed/33420150 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80126-2 Text en © Crown 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Mole, Callum
Pekkanen, Jami
Sheppard, William E. A.
Markkula, Gustav
Wilkie, Richard M.
Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving
title Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving
title_full Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving
title_fullStr Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving
title_full_unstemmed Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving
title_short Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving
title_sort drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7794576/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33420150
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80126-2
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