Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms

In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Gerkin, Richard C, Ohla, Kathrin, Veldhuizen, Maria G, Joseph, Paule V, Kelly, Christine E, Bakke, Alyssa J, Steele, Kimberley E, Farruggia, Michael C, Pellegrino, Robert, Pepino, Marta Y, Bouysset, Cédric, Soler, Graciela M, Pereda-Loth, Veronica, Dibattista, Michele, Cooper, Keiland W, Croijmans, Ilja, Di Pizio, Antonella, Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan, Fjaeldstad, Alexander W, Lin, Cailu, Sandell, Mari A, Singh, Preet B, Brindha, V Evelyn, Olsson, Shannon B, Saraiva, Luis R, Ahuja, Gaurav, Alwashahi, Mohammed K, Bhutani, Surabhi, D’Errico, Anna, Fornazieri, Marco A, Golebiowski, Jérôme, Dar Hwang, Liang, Öztürk, Lina, Roura, Eugeni, Spinelli, Sara, Whitcroft, Katherine L, Faraji, Farhoud, Fischmeister, Florian Ph S, Heinbockel, Thomas, Hsieh, Julien W, Huart, Caroline, Konstantinidis, Iordanis, Menini, Anna, Morini, Gabriella, Olofsson, Jonas K, Philpott, Carl M, Pierron, Denis, Shields, Vonnie D C, Voznessenskaya, Vera V, Albayay, Javier, Altundag, Aytug, Bensafi, Moustafa, Bock, María Adelaida, Calcinoni, Orietta, Fredborg, William, Laudamiel, Christophe, Lim, Juyun, Lundström, Johan N, Macchi, Alberto, Meyer, Pablo, Moein, Shima T, Santamaría, Enrique, Sengupta, Debarka, Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma, Yanik, Hüseyin, Hummel, Thomas, Hayes, John E, Reed, Danielle R, Niv, Masha Y, Munger, Steven D, Parma, Valentina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7799216/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33367502
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa081
_version_ 1783635109744738304
author Gerkin, Richard C
Ohla, Kathrin
Veldhuizen, Maria G
Joseph, Paule V
Kelly, Christine E
Bakke, Alyssa J
Steele, Kimberley E
Farruggia, Michael C
Pellegrino, Robert
Pepino, Marta Y
Bouysset, Cédric
Soler, Graciela M
Pereda-Loth, Veronica
Dibattista, Michele
Cooper, Keiland W
Croijmans, Ilja
Di Pizio, Antonella
Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan
Fjaeldstad, Alexander W
Lin, Cailu
Sandell, Mari A
Singh, Preet B
Brindha, V Evelyn
Olsson, Shannon B
Saraiva, Luis R
Ahuja, Gaurav
Alwashahi, Mohammed K
Bhutani, Surabhi
D’Errico, Anna
Fornazieri, Marco A
Golebiowski, Jérôme
Dar Hwang, Liang
Öztürk, Lina
Roura, Eugeni
Spinelli, Sara
Whitcroft, Katherine L
Faraji, Farhoud
Fischmeister, Florian Ph S
Heinbockel, Thomas
Hsieh, Julien W
Huart, Caroline
Konstantinidis, Iordanis
Menini, Anna
Morini, Gabriella
Olofsson, Jonas K
Philpott, Carl M
Pierron, Denis
Shields, Vonnie D C
Voznessenskaya, Vera V
Albayay, Javier
Altundag, Aytug
Bensafi, Moustafa
Bock, María Adelaida
Calcinoni, Orietta
Fredborg, William
Laudamiel, Christophe
Lim, Juyun
Lundström, Johan N
Macchi, Alberto
Meyer, Pablo
Moein, Shima T
Santamaría, Enrique
Sengupta, Debarka
Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma
Yanik, Hüseyin
Hummel, Thomas
Hayes, John E
Reed, Danielle R
Niv, Masha Y
Munger, Steven D
Parma, Valentina
author_facet Gerkin, Richard C
Ohla, Kathrin
Veldhuizen, Maria G
Joseph, Paule V
Kelly, Christine E
Bakke, Alyssa J
Steele, Kimberley E
Farruggia, Michael C
Pellegrino, Robert
Pepino, Marta Y
Bouysset, Cédric
Soler, Graciela M
Pereda-Loth, Veronica
Dibattista, Michele
Cooper, Keiland W
Croijmans, Ilja
Di Pizio, Antonella
Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan
Fjaeldstad, Alexander W
Lin, Cailu
Sandell, Mari A
Singh, Preet B
Brindha, V Evelyn
Olsson, Shannon B
Saraiva, Luis R
Ahuja, Gaurav
Alwashahi, Mohammed K
Bhutani, Surabhi
D’Errico, Anna
Fornazieri, Marco A
Golebiowski, Jérôme
Dar Hwang, Liang
Öztürk, Lina
Roura, Eugeni
Spinelli, Sara
Whitcroft, Katherine L
Faraji, Farhoud
Fischmeister, Florian Ph S
Heinbockel, Thomas
Hsieh, Julien W
Huart, Caroline
Konstantinidis, Iordanis
Menini, Anna
Morini, Gabriella
Olofsson, Jonas K
Philpott, Carl M
Pierron, Denis
Shields, Vonnie D C
Voznessenskaya, Vera V
Albayay, Javier
Altundag, Aytug
Bensafi, Moustafa
Bock, María Adelaida
Calcinoni, Orietta
Fredborg, William
Laudamiel, Christophe
Lim, Juyun
Lundström, Johan N
Macchi, Alberto
Meyer, Pablo
Moein, Shima T
Santamaría, Enrique
Sengupta, Debarka
Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma
Yanik, Hüseyin
Hummel, Thomas
Hayes, John E
Reed, Danielle R
Niv, Masha Y
Munger, Steven D
Parma, Valentina
author_sort Gerkin, Richard C
collection PubMed
description In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0–100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19−; n = 546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified univariate and multivariate predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19− groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+: −82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19−: −59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72). Additional variables provide negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of respiratory symptom onset was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0–10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7799216
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher Oxford University Press
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-77992162021-01-25 Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms Gerkin, Richard C Ohla, Kathrin Veldhuizen, Maria G Joseph, Paule V Kelly, Christine E Bakke, Alyssa J Steele, Kimberley E Farruggia, Michael C Pellegrino, Robert Pepino, Marta Y Bouysset, Cédric Soler, Graciela M Pereda-Loth, Veronica Dibattista, Michele Cooper, Keiland W Croijmans, Ilja Di Pizio, Antonella Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan Fjaeldstad, Alexander W Lin, Cailu Sandell, Mari A Singh, Preet B Brindha, V Evelyn Olsson, Shannon B Saraiva, Luis R Ahuja, Gaurav Alwashahi, Mohammed K Bhutani, Surabhi D’Errico, Anna Fornazieri, Marco A Golebiowski, Jérôme Dar Hwang, Liang Öztürk, Lina Roura, Eugeni Spinelli, Sara Whitcroft, Katherine L Faraji, Farhoud Fischmeister, Florian Ph S Heinbockel, Thomas Hsieh, Julien W Huart, Caroline Konstantinidis, Iordanis Menini, Anna Morini, Gabriella Olofsson, Jonas K Philpott, Carl M Pierron, Denis Shields, Vonnie D C Voznessenskaya, Vera V Albayay, Javier Altundag, Aytug Bensafi, Moustafa Bock, María Adelaida Calcinoni, Orietta Fredborg, William Laudamiel, Christophe Lim, Juyun Lundström, Johan N Macchi, Alberto Meyer, Pablo Moein, Shima T Santamaría, Enrique Sengupta, Debarka Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma Yanik, Hüseyin Hummel, Thomas Hayes, John E Reed, Danielle R Niv, Masha Y Munger, Steven D Parma, Valentina Chem Senses Original Articles In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0–100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19−; n = 546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified univariate and multivariate predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19− groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+: −82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19−: −59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72). Additional variables provide negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of respiratory symptom onset was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0–10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable. Oxford University Press 2020-12-25 /pmc/articles/PMC7799216/ /pubmed/33367502 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa081 Text en © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)
spellingShingle Original Articles
Gerkin, Richard C
Ohla, Kathrin
Veldhuizen, Maria G
Joseph, Paule V
Kelly, Christine E
Bakke, Alyssa J
Steele, Kimberley E
Farruggia, Michael C
Pellegrino, Robert
Pepino, Marta Y
Bouysset, Cédric
Soler, Graciela M
Pereda-Loth, Veronica
Dibattista, Michele
Cooper, Keiland W
Croijmans, Ilja
Di Pizio, Antonella
Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan
Fjaeldstad, Alexander W
Lin, Cailu
Sandell, Mari A
Singh, Preet B
Brindha, V Evelyn
Olsson, Shannon B
Saraiva, Luis R
Ahuja, Gaurav
Alwashahi, Mohammed K
Bhutani, Surabhi
D’Errico, Anna
Fornazieri, Marco A
Golebiowski, Jérôme
Dar Hwang, Liang
Öztürk, Lina
Roura, Eugeni
Spinelli, Sara
Whitcroft, Katherine L
Faraji, Farhoud
Fischmeister, Florian Ph S
Heinbockel, Thomas
Hsieh, Julien W
Huart, Caroline
Konstantinidis, Iordanis
Menini, Anna
Morini, Gabriella
Olofsson, Jonas K
Philpott, Carl M
Pierron, Denis
Shields, Vonnie D C
Voznessenskaya, Vera V
Albayay, Javier
Altundag, Aytug
Bensafi, Moustafa
Bock, María Adelaida
Calcinoni, Orietta
Fredborg, William
Laudamiel, Christophe
Lim, Juyun
Lundström, Johan N
Macchi, Alberto
Meyer, Pablo
Moein, Shima T
Santamaría, Enrique
Sengupta, Debarka
Rohlfs Dominguez, Paloma
Yanik, Hüseyin
Hummel, Thomas
Hayes, John E
Reed, Danielle R
Niv, Masha Y
Munger, Steven D
Parma, Valentina
Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
title Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
title_full Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
title_fullStr Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
title_full_unstemmed Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
title_short Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
title_sort recent smell loss is the best predictor of covid-19 among individuals with recent respiratory symptoms
topic Original Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7799216/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33367502
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa081
work_keys_str_mv AT gerkinrichardc recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT ohlakathrin recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT veldhuizenmariag recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT josephpaulev recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT kellychristinee recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT bakkealyssaj recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT steelekimberleye recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT farruggiamichaelc recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT pellegrinorobert recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT pepinomartay recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT bouyssetcedric recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT solergracielam recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT peredalothveronica recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT dibattistamichele recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT cooperkeilandw recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT croijmansilja recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT dipizioantonella recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT ozdenermehmethakan recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT fjaeldstadalexanderw recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT lincailu recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT sandellmaria recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT singhpreetb recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT brindhavevelyn recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT olssonshannonb recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT saraivaluisr recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT ahujagaurav recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT alwashahimohammedk recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT bhutanisurabhi recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT derricoanna recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT fornazierimarcoa recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT golebiowskijerome recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT darhwangliang recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT ozturklina recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT rouraeugeni recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT spinellisara recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT whitcroftkatherinel recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT farajifarhoud recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT fischmeisterflorianphs recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT heinbockelthomas recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT hsiehjulienw recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT huartcaroline recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT konstantinidisiordanis recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT meninianna recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT morinigabriella recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT olofssonjonask recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT philpottcarlm recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT pierrondenis recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT shieldsvonniedc recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT voznessenskayaverav recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT albayayjavier recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT altundagaytug recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT bensafimoustafa recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT bockmariaadelaida recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT calcinoniorietta recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT fredborgwilliam recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT laudamielchristophe recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT limjuyun recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT lundstromjohann recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT macchialberto recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT meyerpablo recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT moeinshimat recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT santamariaenrique recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT senguptadebarka recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT rohlfsdominguezpaloma recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT yanikhuseyin recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT hummelthomas recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT hayesjohne recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT reeddanieller recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT nivmashay recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT mungerstevend recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT parmavalentina recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms
AT recentsmelllossisthebestpredictorofcovid19amongindividualswithrecentrespiratorysymptoms