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Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil

Free fatty acid (FFA) content in FFA-rich mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) was reduced through a continuous esterification process. The reaction conditions were optimized, the yield purified esterified oil was determined, and the average total electricity consumption of the entire process was evaluated....

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Autores principales: Min Oo, Ye, Prateepchaikul, Gumpon, Somnuk, Krit
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7803820/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33316734
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105419
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author Min Oo, Ye
Prateepchaikul, Gumpon
Somnuk, Krit
author_facet Min Oo, Ye
Prateepchaikul, Gumpon
Somnuk, Krit
author_sort Min Oo, Ye
collection PubMed
description Free fatty acid (FFA) content in FFA-rich mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) was reduced through a continuous esterification process. The reaction conditions were optimized, the yield purified esterified oil was determined, and the average total electricity consumption of the entire process was evaluated. The key component of this study was the cost-effective, 3D-printed rotor that was installed in a continuous rotor–stator hydrodynamic reactor. The surface of the rotor was designed with spherical holes where the center-to-center distance between them was fixed. Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD) was employed to analyze the design of experiments (DOE) and optimize FFA-content reduction. The optimized conditions were 17.7 vol% methanol, 2.9 vol% sulfuric acid, a 3000 rpm rotor speed, and surface holes measuring 4 mm in diameter and 6 mm in depth. The experimental results showed that the FFA content in MCPO was reduced from 11.456 to 1.028 wt% upon esterification under these optimal conditions. The maximum yield of esterified oil from the phase separation step was 96.07 vol%, and that of the purified esterified oil was 91.27 vol%. The average total energy consumed by this hydrodynamic cavitation reactor to produce this esterified oil was 0.0264 kW h/L. This 3D printed rotor–stator reactor is a promising, novel reactor technology for producing biodiesel from FFA-rich oils.
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spelling pubmed-78038202021-01-22 Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil Min Oo, Ye Prateepchaikul, Gumpon Somnuk, Krit Ultrason Sonochem Original Research Article Free fatty acid (FFA) content in FFA-rich mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) was reduced through a continuous esterification process. The reaction conditions were optimized, the yield purified esterified oil was determined, and the average total electricity consumption of the entire process was evaluated. The key component of this study was the cost-effective, 3D-printed rotor that was installed in a continuous rotor–stator hydrodynamic reactor. The surface of the rotor was designed with spherical holes where the center-to-center distance between them was fixed. Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD) was employed to analyze the design of experiments (DOE) and optimize FFA-content reduction. The optimized conditions were 17.7 vol% methanol, 2.9 vol% sulfuric acid, a 3000 rpm rotor speed, and surface holes measuring 4 mm in diameter and 6 mm in depth. The experimental results showed that the FFA content in MCPO was reduced from 11.456 to 1.028 wt% upon esterification under these optimal conditions. The maximum yield of esterified oil from the phase separation step was 96.07 vol%, and that of the purified esterified oil was 91.27 vol%. The average total energy consumed by this hydrodynamic cavitation reactor to produce this esterified oil was 0.0264 kW h/L. This 3D printed rotor–stator reactor is a promising, novel reactor technology for producing biodiesel from FFA-rich oils. Elsevier 2020-12-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7803820/ /pubmed/33316734 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105419 Text en © 2020 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle Original Research Article
Min Oo, Ye
Prateepchaikul, Gumpon
Somnuk, Krit
Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil
title Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil
title_full Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil
title_fullStr Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil
title_full_unstemmed Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil
title_short Continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3D printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil
title_sort continuous acid-catalyzed esterification using a 3d printed rotor–stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor reduces free fatty acid content in mixed crude palm oil
topic Original Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7803820/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33316734
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105419
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