Synergic effects of ultrasound and ionic liquids on fluconazole emulsion

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of US on the properties of the fluconazole emulsions prepared using imidazolium-based ILs ([C(n) C(1)im]Br). The effects of the preparation method (mechanical stirring or US), US amplitude, alkyl chain length (of [C(12)C(1)im]Br or [C(16)C(1)im]Br), and IL concentration on the physicochemical properties were evaluated. Properties such as droplet size, span index, morphology, viscosity encapsulation efficiency, and drug release profile were determined. The results showed that US-prepared emulsions had a smaller droplet size and smaller polydispersity (Span) than those prepared by mechanical stirring. Additionally, the results showed that emulsions prepared with [C(16)C(1)im]Br and US had spherical shapes and increased stability compared to emulsions prepared by MS, and also depended on the IL concentration. The emulsion prepared by US at 40% amplitude had increased encapsulation efficiency. US provided a decrease in the viscosity of emulsions containing [C(12)C(1)im]Br; however, in general, all emulsions had viscosity close to that of water. Emulsions containing [C(16)C(1)im]Br had the lowest viscosities of all the emulsions. The emulsions containing the IL [C(16)C(1)im]Br had more controlled release and a lower cumulative percentage of drug release. The IL concentration required to prepare these emulsions was lower than the amount of conventional surfactant required, which highlights the potential synergic effects of ILs and US in preparing emulsions of hydrophobic drugs.