High performance ozone based advanced oxidation processes catalyzed with novel argon plasma treated iron oxyhydroxide hydrate for phenazopyridine degradation

The present study has focused on the degradation of phenazopyridine (PhP) as an emerging contaminant through catalytic ozonation by novel plasma treated natural limonite (FeOOH·xH(2)O, NL) under argon atmosphere (PTL/Ar). The physical and chemical characteristics of samples were evaluated with different analyses. The obtained results demonstrated higher surface area for PTL/Ar and negligible change in crystal structure, compared to NL. It was found that the synergistic effect between ozone and PTL/Ar nanocatalyst was led to highest PhP degradation efficiency. The kinetic study confirmed the pseudo-first-order reaction for the PhP degradation processes included adsorption, peroxone and ozonation, catalytic ozonation with NL and PTL/Ar. Long term application (6 cycles) confirmed the high stability of the PTL/Ar. Moreover, different organic and inorganic salts as well as the dissolved ozone concentration demonstrated the predominant role of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals in PhP degradation by catalytic Ozonation using PTL/Ar. The main produced intermediates during PhP oxidation by PTL/Ar catalytic ozonation were identified using LC–(+ESI)–MS technique. Finally, the negligible iron leaching, higher mineralization rate, lower electrical energy consumption and excellent catalytic activity of PTL/Ar samples demonstrate the superior application of non-thermal plasma for treatment of NL.