CXCL13 shapes immunoactive tumor microenvironment and enhances the efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint blockade in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND: Most patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) lack an effective response to immune checkpoint blockade, highlighting the need for more knowledge about what is required for successful treatment. As follicular cytotoxic CXCR5(+)CD8(+) T cells are maintained by reinvigoration by immune checkpoint blockade in tumors, we attempted to reveal the relationship between CXCR5(+)CD8(+) T cells and the tumor microenvironment to predict immunotherapy responses in HGSC. METHODS: 264 patients with HGSC from two cohorts and 340 HGSC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort were enrolled. Ex vivo and in vivo studies were conducted with human HGSC tumors and murine tumor models. The spatial correlation between CXC-chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), CXCR5, CD8, and CD20 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Survival was compared between different subsets of patients using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The therapeutic effect of CXCL13 and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade was validated using human HGSC tumors and murine models. RESULTS: High CXCL13 expression was associated with prolonged survival. Tumors with high CXCL13 expression exhibited increased infiltration of activated and CXCR5-expressing CD8(+) T cells. Incubation with CXCL13 facilitated expansion and activation of CXCR5(+)CD8(+) T cells ex vivo. CXCR5(+)CD8(+) T cells appeared in closer proximity to CXCL13 in tumors and chemotaxis towards CXCL13 in vitro. The combination of CXCL13, CXCR5, and CD8(+) T cells was an independent predictor for survival. In addition, CXCL13 was associated with clusters of CD20(+) B cells. CD20(+) B cells predicted better patient survival in the presence of CXCL13. Histological evaluation highlighted colocalization of CXCL13 with tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TLSs carried prognostic benefit only in the presence of CXCL13. CXCL13 in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy retarded tumor growth in a CD8(+) T-cell-dependent manner, resulting in increased infiltration of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and CXCR5(+)CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: These data define a critical role of CXCL13 in shaping antitumor microenvironment by facilitating the maintenance of CXCR5(+)CD8(+) T cells in TLSs and support a clinical investigation for a combination of CXCL13 and PD-1 blockade therapy in HGSC.