Impact of air pollution on renal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is a serious and a frequent disease associated with a high risk of morbi-mortality. Although several risk factors have already been well addressed, mostly diabetes and hypertension, many remain underappreciated, such as chronic exposure to air pollution. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will search EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and CINAHL database, from inception to 31 March 2020, for relevant records using a combination of keywords related to the type of exposure (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM(2.5), PM(coarse) and PM(10)) and to the type of outcome (chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal/kidney disease, kidney failure, proteinuria/albuminuria, renal function, renal transplant, kidney graft, kidney transplant failure, nephrotic syndrome and kidney cancer). The review will be reported according to the guidelines of the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Two independent reviewers will select studies without design or language restrictions, using original data and investigating the association between exposure to one or more of the prespecified air pollutants and subsequent risk of renal outcomes. Using random-effects meta-analyses, we will present pooled summary statistics (HR, OR or beta-coefficients with their respective 95% CI) associated with a standardised increase in each pollutant level. The results will be presented by air pollutant and outcome. Heterogeneity will be assessed using the χ(2) test on Cochran’s Q statistic and quantified by calculating I(2). The Egger’s test and visual inspection of funnel plots will be used to assess publication bias. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Since primary data are not collected in this study, ethical approval is not required. This review is expected to provide relevant data on the associations between various air pollutants’ exposure and renal outcomes. The final report will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020187956.