Ambient air pollution exposure during the late gestational period is linked with lower placental iodine load in a Belgian birth cohort

BACKGROUND: Adequate intake of iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones and contributes in pregnant women to a healthy brain development and growth in their offspring. To date, some evidence exists that fine particulate air pollution is linked with the fetal thyroid hormone homeostasis. However, possible effects of air pollutants on the placental iodine storage have not been investigated so far. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the association between air pollution exposure to particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)), NO(2), and black carbon and the placental iodine load. METHODS: The current study is part of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort and included 470 mother-newborn pairs. Iodine concentrations were measured in placental tissue. A high-resolution air pollution model was used to estimate the daily exposure to PM(2.5), NO(2), and black carbon over the entire pregnancy based on the maternal residential addresses. Distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs) were used to estimate gestational week-specific associations between placental iodine concentrations and the air pollutants to understand the impact of specific exposure windows. RESULTS: PM(2.5) showed a positive association with placental iodine concentration between the 16(th) and 22(nd) week of gestation. In contrast, a significant inverse association between PM(2.5) and placental iodine concentration was observed in gestational weeks 29–35. The effect estimate, for a 5 µg/m(3) increment in PM(2.5) concentration, was the strongest at week 32 (β −0.11 µg/kg; 95%CI: −0.18 to −0.03). No associations were observed between placental iodine concentrations and NO(2) or black carbon. Assuming causality, we estimated that placental iodine mediated 26% (−0.33 pmol/L; 95%CI: −0.70 to 0.04 pmol/L) of the estimated effect of a 5 µg/m(3) increment in PM(2.5) exposure on cord blood free thyroxine (FT(4)) concentrations. CONCLUSION: In utero exposure to particulate matter during the third trimester of pregnancy is linked with a lower placental iodine load. Furthermore, the effect of air pollution on cord blood FT(4) levels was partially mediated by the placental iodine load.