Cargando…

Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes

Many of the world's major cities are located in coastal zones, resulting in urban and industrial impacts on adjacent marine ecosystems. These pressures, which include pollutants, sewage, runoff and debris, temperature increases, hardened shorelines/structures, and light and acoustic pollution,...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Elizabeth Alter, S., Tariq, Laraib, Creed, James Keanu, Megafu, Emmanuel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7819572/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33519966
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13048
_version_ 1783639033963872256
author Elizabeth Alter, S.
Tariq, Laraib
Creed, James Keanu
Megafu, Emmanuel
author_facet Elizabeth Alter, S.
Tariq, Laraib
Creed, James Keanu
Megafu, Emmanuel
author_sort Elizabeth Alter, S.
collection PubMed
description Many of the world's major cities are located in coastal zones, resulting in urban and industrial impacts on adjacent marine ecosystems. These pressures, which include pollutants, sewage, runoff and debris, temperature increases, hardened shorelines/structures, and light and acoustic pollution, have resulted in new evolutionary landscapes for coastal marine organisms. Marine environmental changes influenced by urbanization may create new selective regimes or may influence neutral evolution via impacts on gene flow or partitioning of genetic diversity across seascapes. While some urban selective pressures, such as hardened surfaces, are similar to those experienced by terrestrial species, others, such as oxidative stress, are specific to aquatic environments. Moreover, spatial and temporal scales of evolutionary responses may differ in the ocean due to the spatial extent of selective pressures and greater capacity for dispersal/gene flow. Here, we present a conceptual framework and synthesis of current research on evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urban pressures. We review urban impacts on genetic diversity and gene flow and examine evidence that marine species are adapting, or are predicted to adapt, to urbanization over rapid evolutionary time frames. Our findings indicate that in the majority of studies, urban stressors are correlated with reduced genetic diversity. Genetic structure is often increased in urbanized settings, but artificial structures can also act as stepping stones for some hard‐surface specialists, promoting range expansion. Most evidence for rapid adaptation to urban stressors comes from studies of heritable tolerance to pollutants in a relatively small number of species; however, the majority of marine ecotoxicology studies do not test directly for heritability. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of evolutionary processes in marine urban environments and present a framework for future research to address these gaps.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7819572
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher John Wiley and Sons Inc.
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-78195722021-01-29 Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes Elizabeth Alter, S. Tariq, Laraib Creed, James Keanu Megafu, Emmanuel Evol Appl Special Issue Review and Syntheses Many of the world's major cities are located in coastal zones, resulting in urban and industrial impacts on adjacent marine ecosystems. These pressures, which include pollutants, sewage, runoff and debris, temperature increases, hardened shorelines/structures, and light and acoustic pollution, have resulted in new evolutionary landscapes for coastal marine organisms. Marine environmental changes influenced by urbanization may create new selective regimes or may influence neutral evolution via impacts on gene flow or partitioning of genetic diversity across seascapes. While some urban selective pressures, such as hardened surfaces, are similar to those experienced by terrestrial species, others, such as oxidative stress, are specific to aquatic environments. Moreover, spatial and temporal scales of evolutionary responses may differ in the ocean due to the spatial extent of selective pressures and greater capacity for dispersal/gene flow. Here, we present a conceptual framework and synthesis of current research on evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urban pressures. We review urban impacts on genetic diversity and gene flow and examine evidence that marine species are adapting, or are predicted to adapt, to urbanization over rapid evolutionary time frames. Our findings indicate that in the majority of studies, urban stressors are correlated with reduced genetic diversity. Genetic structure is often increased in urbanized settings, but artificial structures can also act as stepping stones for some hard‐surface specialists, promoting range expansion. Most evidence for rapid adaptation to urban stressors comes from studies of heritable tolerance to pollutants in a relatively small number of species; however, the majority of marine ecotoxicology studies do not test directly for heritability. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of evolutionary processes in marine urban environments and present a framework for future research to address these gaps. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2020-07-15 /pmc/articles/PMC7819572/ /pubmed/33519966 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13048 Text en © 2020 The Authors. Evolutionary Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Special Issue Review and Syntheses
Elizabeth Alter, S.
Tariq, Laraib
Creed, James Keanu
Megafu, Emmanuel
Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes
title Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes
title_full Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes
title_fullStr Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes
title_full_unstemmed Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes
title_short Evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes
title_sort evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urbanized seascapes
topic Special Issue Review and Syntheses
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7819572/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33519966
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.13048
work_keys_str_mv AT elizabethalters evolutionaryresponsesofmarineorganismstourbanizedseascapes
AT tariqlaraib evolutionaryresponsesofmarineorganismstourbanizedseascapes
AT creedjameskeanu evolutionaryresponsesofmarineorganismstourbanizedseascapes
AT megafuemmanuel evolutionaryresponsesofmarineorganismstourbanizedseascapes