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Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar

BACKGROUND: Myanmar commenced a lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA h...

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Autores principales: Dickson, Benjamin F. R., Graves, Patricia M., Aye, Ni Ni, Nwe, Thet Wai, Wai, Tint, Win, San San, Shwe, Myint, Douglass, Janet, Wood, Peter, Wangdi, Kinley, McBride, William J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7821648/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33482891
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04583-y
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author Dickson, Benjamin F. R.
Graves, Patricia M.
Aye, Ni Ni
Nwe, Thet Wai
Wai, Tint
Win, San San
Shwe, Myint
Douglass, Janet
Wood, Peter
Wangdi, Kinley
McBride, William J.
author_facet Dickson, Benjamin F. R.
Graves, Patricia M.
Aye, Ni Ni
Nwe, Thet Wai
Wai, Tint
Win, San San
Shwe, Myint
Douglass, Janet
Wood, Peter
Wangdi, Kinley
McBride, William J.
author_sort Dickson, Benjamin F. R.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Myanmar commenced a lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA have been examined elsewhere; however, there remains little information on the factors that contribute in Myanmar. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of factors associated with persistent infection, LF-related hydrocoele and MDA participation in an area with ongoing transmission in 2015. A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in 24 villages across four townships of Mandalay Region. Participants were screened for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using immunochromatographic tests and, if positive, for microfilaria by night-time thick blood slide. Individuals 15 year and older were assessed for filariasis morbidity (lymphoedema and, if male, hydrocoele) by ultrasound-assisted clinical examination. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for LF and for non-participation (never taking MDA). Significant variables identified in univariate analyses were included in separate step-wise multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates and survey design, being CFA positive was significantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), per year], male gender (OR 3.14, 1.27–7.76), elevation (OR 0.96, 0.94–0.99, per metre) and the density of people per household room (OR 1.59, 1.31–1.92). LF-related hydrocoele was associated with age (OR 1.06, 1.03–1.09, per year) and residing in Amarapura Township (OR 8.93, 1.37–58.32). Never taking MDA was associated with male gender [OR 6.89 (2.13–22.28)] and age, particularly in females, with a significant interaction term. Overall, compared to those aged 30–44 years, the proportion never taking MDA was higher in all age groups (OR highest in those < 5 years and > 60 years, ranging from 3.37 to 12.82). Never taking MDA was also associated with residing in Amarapura township (OR 2.48, 1.15–5.31), moving to one’s current village from another (OR 2.62, 1.12–6.11) and ever having declined medication (OR 11.82, 4.25–32.91). Decreased likelihood of never taking MDA was associated with a higher proportion of household members being present during the last MDA round (OR 0.16, 0.03–0.74) and the number visits by the MDA programme (OR 0.69, 0.48–1.00). CONCLUSIONS: These results contribute to the understanding of LF and MDA participation-related risk factors and will assist Myanmar to improve its elimination and morbidity management programmes. [Image: see text]
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spelling pubmed-78216482021-01-25 Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar Dickson, Benjamin F. R. Graves, Patricia M. Aye, Ni Ni Nwe, Thet Wai Wai, Tint Win, San San Shwe, Myint Douglass, Janet Wood, Peter Wangdi, Kinley McBride, William J. Parasit Vectors Research BACKGROUND: Myanmar commenced a lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA have been examined elsewhere; however, there remains little information on the factors that contribute in Myanmar. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of factors associated with persistent infection, LF-related hydrocoele and MDA participation in an area with ongoing transmission in 2015. A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in 24 villages across four townships of Mandalay Region. Participants were screened for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using immunochromatographic tests and, if positive, for microfilaria by night-time thick blood slide. Individuals 15 year and older were assessed for filariasis morbidity (lymphoedema and, if male, hydrocoele) by ultrasound-assisted clinical examination. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for LF and for non-participation (never taking MDA). Significant variables identified in univariate analyses were included in separate step-wise multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates and survey design, being CFA positive was significantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), per year], male gender (OR 3.14, 1.27–7.76), elevation (OR 0.96, 0.94–0.99, per metre) and the density of people per household room (OR 1.59, 1.31–1.92). LF-related hydrocoele was associated with age (OR 1.06, 1.03–1.09, per year) and residing in Amarapura Township (OR 8.93, 1.37–58.32). Never taking MDA was associated with male gender [OR 6.89 (2.13–22.28)] and age, particularly in females, with a significant interaction term. Overall, compared to those aged 30–44 years, the proportion never taking MDA was higher in all age groups (OR highest in those < 5 years and > 60 years, ranging from 3.37 to 12.82). Never taking MDA was also associated with residing in Amarapura township (OR 2.48, 1.15–5.31), moving to one’s current village from another (OR 2.62, 1.12–6.11) and ever having declined medication (OR 11.82, 4.25–32.91). Decreased likelihood of never taking MDA was associated with a higher proportion of household members being present during the last MDA round (OR 0.16, 0.03–0.74) and the number visits by the MDA programme (OR 0.69, 0.48–1.00). CONCLUSIONS: These results contribute to the understanding of LF and MDA participation-related risk factors and will assist Myanmar to improve its elimination and morbidity management programmes. [Image: see text] BioMed Central 2021-01-22 /pmc/articles/PMC7821648/ /pubmed/33482891 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04583-y Text en © The Author(s) 2021 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Dickson, Benjamin F. R.
Graves, Patricia M.
Aye, Ni Ni
Nwe, Thet Wai
Wai, Tint
Win, San San
Shwe, Myint
Douglass, Janet
Wood, Peter
Wangdi, Kinley
McBride, William J.
Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
title Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
title_full Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
title_fullStr Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
title_full_unstemmed Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
title_short Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
title_sort risk factors for lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration non-participation in mandalay region, myanmar
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7821648/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33482891
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04583-y
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