Immunotherapy-Associated Cardiotoxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy: Diagnostic and Management Challenges and Strategies

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immunotherapies have demonstrated robust clinical efficacy in treating malignancies with increasing use and FDA approvals. We review the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of immunotherapy-associated cardiovascular toxicities. RECENT FINDINGS: Cardiotoxicity is reported in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. The incidence of ICI-related cardiotoxicity is above 1% and includes myocarditis, pericardial disease, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and vasculitis. The incidence of CAR T cell–associated cardiotoxicities was shown to be as high as 26% and thought to be primarily mediated by cytokine release syndrome. The presentations of cardiotoxicities are variable but are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and benefit from prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. SUMMARY: There is increasing evidence for cardiotoxicities following cancer immunotherapy. Available evidence suggests that pretreatment evaluation, close monitoring, and early intervention may reduce cardiovascular morbidity and improve outcomes in the cancer immunotherapy population.