Technique of pressurized intrathoracic aerosol chemotherapy (PITAC) for malignant pleural effusion

OBJECTIVES: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a devastating evolution of several malignancies. Pressurized intrathoracic aerosol chemotherapy (PITAC) might be a novel therapy option in MPE. METHODS: PITAC is considered for patients with MPE with a performance status <2 and without other metastatic sites. General anesthesia is administered and a double-lumen bronchial tube is inserted. The patient is placed in a lateral decubitus position, and the operation is performed after ipsilateral lung exclusion. Two 12-mm balloon trocars are inserted—one in the seventh intercostal space in the mid-axillary line and one in the fifth intercostal space in the anterior axillary line. Extent of pleural disease and volume of MPE are documented. MPE is removed and parietal pleural biopsy are performed. An intrathoracic pressure of 12 mmHg CO(2) is established, and a combination of Cisplatin (10.5 mg/m(2) in a total volume of 150 cc NaCl 0.9%) and Doxorubicin (2.1 mg/m(2) in a total volume of 50 cc NaCl 0.9%) are aerosolized via nebulizer in the pleural cavity. Vital signs and nebulization are remote-controlled. After 30 min, the remaining toxic aerosol is exhausted using a closed surgical smoke evacuation system. A 24Fr chest tube is inserted in postero-apical position with continuous negative pressure of 20 cm H(2)O. When needed, PITAC may be repeated every six weeks in alternate with systemic chemotherapy. RESULTS: In our hands, the technique above has shown to be feasible and safe. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to assess the potential symptomatic and oncological benefits of PITAC in MPE.