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Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays,...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7823951/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406697 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010065 |
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author | Sychta, Klaudia Słomka, Aneta Kuta, Elżbieta |
author_facet | Sychta, Klaudia Słomka, Aneta Kuta, Elżbieta |
author_sort | Sychta, Klaudia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays, e.g., the TUNEL assay, comet assay, and analysis of caspase-like enzyme activity, enable the differentiation of PCD from necrosis. Two main types of plant PCD, developmental (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and environmental (ePCD) induced by external stimuli, are distinguished based on the differences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes. Abiotic stress factors, including heavy metals, induce necrosis or ePCD. Heavy metals induce PCD by triggering oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. ROS that are mainly produced by mitochondria modulate phytotoxicity mechanisms induced by heavy metals. Complex crosstalk between ROS, hormones (ethylene), nitric oxide (NO), and calcium ions evokes PCD, with proteases with caspase-like activity executing PCD in plant cells exposed to heavy metals. This pathway leads to very similar cytological hallmarks of heavy metal induced PCD to PCD induced by other abiotic factors. The forms, hallmarks, mechanisms, and genetic regulation of plant ePCD induced by abiotic stress are reviewed here in detail, with an emphasis on plant cell culture as a suitable model for PCD studies. The similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD are also discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7823951 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78239512021-01-24 Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita Sychta, Klaudia Słomka, Aneta Kuta, Elżbieta Cells Review Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays, e.g., the TUNEL assay, comet assay, and analysis of caspase-like enzyme activity, enable the differentiation of PCD from necrosis. Two main types of plant PCD, developmental (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and environmental (ePCD) induced by external stimuli, are distinguished based on the differences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes. Abiotic stress factors, including heavy metals, induce necrosis or ePCD. Heavy metals induce PCD by triggering oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. ROS that are mainly produced by mitochondria modulate phytotoxicity mechanisms induced by heavy metals. Complex crosstalk between ROS, hormones (ethylene), nitric oxide (NO), and calcium ions evokes PCD, with proteases with caspase-like activity executing PCD in plant cells exposed to heavy metals. This pathway leads to very similar cytological hallmarks of heavy metal induced PCD to PCD induced by other abiotic factors. The forms, hallmarks, mechanisms, and genetic regulation of plant ePCD induced by abiotic stress are reviewed here in detail, with an emphasis on plant cell culture as a suitable model for PCD studies. The similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD are also discussed. MDPI 2021-01-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7823951/ /pubmed/33406697 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010065 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Sychta, Klaudia Słomka, Aneta Kuta, Elżbieta Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita |
title | Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita |
title_full | Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita |
title_fullStr | Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita |
title_full_unstemmed | Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita |
title_short | Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita |
title_sort | insights into plant programmed cell death induced by heavy metals—discovering a terra incognita |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7823951/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406697 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010065 |
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