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Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays,...

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Autores principales: Sychta, Klaudia, Słomka, Aneta, Kuta, Elżbieta
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7823951/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406697
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010065
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author Sychta, Klaudia
Słomka, Aneta
Kuta, Elżbieta
author_facet Sychta, Klaudia
Słomka, Aneta
Kuta, Elżbieta
author_sort Sychta, Klaudia
collection PubMed
description Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays, e.g., the TUNEL assay, comet assay, and analysis of caspase-like enzyme activity, enable the differentiation of PCD from necrosis. Two main types of plant PCD, developmental (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and environmental (ePCD) induced by external stimuli, are distinguished based on the differences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes. Abiotic stress factors, including heavy metals, induce necrosis or ePCD. Heavy metals induce PCD by triggering oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. ROS that are mainly produced by mitochondria modulate phytotoxicity mechanisms induced by heavy metals. Complex crosstalk between ROS, hormones (ethylene), nitric oxide (NO), and calcium ions evokes PCD, with proteases with caspase-like activity executing PCD in plant cells exposed to heavy metals. This pathway leads to very similar cytological hallmarks of heavy metal induced PCD to PCD induced by other abiotic factors. The forms, hallmarks, mechanisms, and genetic regulation of plant ePCD induced by abiotic stress are reviewed here in detail, with an emphasis on plant cell culture as a suitable model for PCD studies. The similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD are also discussed.
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spelling pubmed-78239512021-01-24 Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita Sychta, Klaudia Słomka, Aneta Kuta, Elżbieta Cells Review Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Knowledge of plant PCD mechanisms is still very scarce and is incomparable to the large number of studies on PCD mechanisms in animals. Quick and accurate assays, e.g., the TUNEL assay, comet assay, and analysis of caspase-like enzyme activity, enable the differentiation of PCD from necrosis. Two main types of plant PCD, developmental (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and environmental (ePCD) induced by external stimuli, are distinguished based on the differences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes. Abiotic stress factors, including heavy metals, induce necrosis or ePCD. Heavy metals induce PCD by triggering oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. ROS that are mainly produced by mitochondria modulate phytotoxicity mechanisms induced by heavy metals. Complex crosstalk between ROS, hormones (ethylene), nitric oxide (NO), and calcium ions evokes PCD, with proteases with caspase-like activity executing PCD in plant cells exposed to heavy metals. This pathway leads to very similar cytological hallmarks of heavy metal induced PCD to PCD induced by other abiotic factors. The forms, hallmarks, mechanisms, and genetic regulation of plant ePCD induced by abiotic stress are reviewed here in detail, with an emphasis on plant cell culture as a suitable model for PCD studies. The similarities and differences between plant and animal PCD are also discussed. MDPI 2021-01-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7823951/ /pubmed/33406697 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010065 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Sychta, Klaudia
Słomka, Aneta
Kuta, Elżbieta
Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita
title Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita
title_full Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita
title_fullStr Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita
title_full_unstemmed Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita
title_short Insights into Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Heavy Metals—Discovering a Terra Incognita
title_sort insights into plant programmed cell death induced by heavy metals—discovering a terra incognita
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7823951/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406697
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010065
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