Cargando…
The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits
This study derived a set of Australian low-risk gambling limits and explored the relative and absolute risk associated with exceeding these limits. Secondary analysis of population-representative Tasmanian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) cross-sectional (11,597 respondents) and longitudinal s...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824838/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33418841 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020167 |
_version_ | 1783640175102918656 |
---|---|
author | Dowling, Nicki A. Youssef, George J. Greenwood, Christopher Merkouris, Stephanie S. Suomi, Aino Room, Robin |
author_facet | Dowling, Nicki A. Youssef, George J. Greenwood, Christopher Merkouris, Stephanie S. Suomi, Aino Room, Robin |
author_sort | Dowling, Nicki A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study derived a set of Australian low-risk gambling limits and explored the relative and absolute risk associated with exceeding these limits. Secondary analysis of population-representative Tasmanian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) cross-sectional (11,597 respondents) and longitudinal studies (2027 respondents) was conducted. Balancing sensitivity and specificity, the limits were: gambling frequency of 20–30 times per year; gambling expenditure of AUD $380–$615 per year (USD $240–$388 per year); gambling expenditure comprising 0.83–1.68% of gross personal income; and two types of gambling activities per year. All limits, except number of activities, predicted subsequent harm, with limits related to gambling expenditure consistently the best-performing. Exceeding the limits generally conferred a higher degree of relative and absolute risk, with gamblers exceeding the limits being 3–20 times more likely to experience harm than those who do not, and having a 5–17% risk of experiencing harm. Only 7–12% of gamblers exceeding the limits actually experienced harm. Gambling consumption lower than the limits also conferred a considerable amount of harm. Using a relative risk method, this study derived similar limits from disparate Australian states and territories. These limits can serve as working guidelines for the consideration of researchers, clinicians, and policy makers, but need to be subject to further rigorous empirical investigation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7824838 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78248382021-01-24 The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits Dowling, Nicki A. Youssef, George J. Greenwood, Christopher Merkouris, Stephanie S. Suomi, Aino Room, Robin J Clin Med Article This study derived a set of Australian low-risk gambling limits and explored the relative and absolute risk associated with exceeding these limits. Secondary analysis of population-representative Tasmanian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) cross-sectional (11,597 respondents) and longitudinal studies (2027 respondents) was conducted. Balancing sensitivity and specificity, the limits were: gambling frequency of 20–30 times per year; gambling expenditure of AUD $380–$615 per year (USD $240–$388 per year); gambling expenditure comprising 0.83–1.68% of gross personal income; and two types of gambling activities per year. All limits, except number of activities, predicted subsequent harm, with limits related to gambling expenditure consistently the best-performing. Exceeding the limits generally conferred a higher degree of relative and absolute risk, with gamblers exceeding the limits being 3–20 times more likely to experience harm than those who do not, and having a 5–17% risk of experiencing harm. Only 7–12% of gamblers exceeding the limits actually experienced harm. Gambling consumption lower than the limits also conferred a considerable amount of harm. Using a relative risk method, this study derived similar limits from disparate Australian states and territories. These limits can serve as working guidelines for the consideration of researchers, clinicians, and policy makers, but need to be subject to further rigorous empirical investigation. MDPI 2021-01-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7824838/ /pubmed/33418841 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020167 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Dowling, Nicki A. Youssef, George J. Greenwood, Christopher Merkouris, Stephanie S. Suomi, Aino Room, Robin The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits |
title | The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits |
title_full | The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits |
title_fullStr | The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits |
title_full_unstemmed | The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits |
title_short | The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits |
title_sort | development of empirically derived australian low-risk gambling limits |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7824838/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33418841 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020167 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT dowlingnickia thedevelopmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT youssefgeorgej thedevelopmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT greenwoodchristopher thedevelopmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT merkourisstephanies thedevelopmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT suomiaino thedevelopmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT roomrobin thedevelopmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT dowlingnickia developmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT youssefgeorgej developmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT greenwoodchristopher developmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT merkourisstephanies developmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT suomiaino developmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits AT roomrobin developmentofempiricallyderivedaustralianlowriskgamblinglimits |