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Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus

Iron is an essential component for growth and development. Despite relative abundance in the environment, bioavailability of iron is limited due to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen into insoluble ferric iron. Filamentous fungi have developed diverse pathways to uptake and use iron. In the current stu...

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Autores principales: Adhikari, Bishwo N., Callicott, Kenneth A., Cotty, Peter J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7827000/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33435439
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010137
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author Adhikari, Bishwo N.
Callicott, Kenneth A.
Cotty, Peter J.
author_facet Adhikari, Bishwo N.
Callicott, Kenneth A.
Cotty, Peter J.
author_sort Adhikari, Bishwo N.
collection PubMed
description Iron is an essential component for growth and development. Despite relative abundance in the environment, bioavailability of iron is limited due to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen into insoluble ferric iron. Filamentous fungi have developed diverse pathways to uptake and use iron. In the current study, a putative iron utilization gene cluster (IUC) in Aspergillus flavus was identified and characterized. Gene analyses indicate A. flavus may use reductive as well as siderophore-mediated iron uptake and utilization pathways. The ferroxidation and iron permeation process, in which iron transport depends on the coupling of these two activities, mediates the reductive pathway. The IUC identified in this work includes six genes and is located in a highly polymorphic region of the genome. Diversity among A. flavus genotypes is manifested in the structure of the IUC, which ranged from complete deletion to a region disabled by multiple indels. Molecular profiling of A. flavus populations suggests lineage-specific loss of IUC. The observed variation among A. flavus genotypes in iron utilization and the lineage-specific loss of the iron utilization genes in several A. flavus clonal lineages provide insight on evolution of iron acquisition and utilization within Aspergillus section Flavi. The potential divergence in capacity to acquire iron should be taken into account when selecting A. flavus active ingredients for biocontrol in niches where climate change may alter iron availability.
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spelling pubmed-78270002021-01-25 Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus Adhikari, Bishwo N. Callicott, Kenneth A. Cotty, Peter J. Microorganisms Article Iron is an essential component for growth and development. Despite relative abundance in the environment, bioavailability of iron is limited due to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen into insoluble ferric iron. Filamentous fungi have developed diverse pathways to uptake and use iron. In the current study, a putative iron utilization gene cluster (IUC) in Aspergillus flavus was identified and characterized. Gene analyses indicate A. flavus may use reductive as well as siderophore-mediated iron uptake and utilization pathways. The ferroxidation and iron permeation process, in which iron transport depends on the coupling of these two activities, mediates the reductive pathway. The IUC identified in this work includes six genes and is located in a highly polymorphic region of the genome. Diversity among A. flavus genotypes is manifested in the structure of the IUC, which ranged from complete deletion to a region disabled by multiple indels. Molecular profiling of A. flavus populations suggests lineage-specific loss of IUC. The observed variation among A. flavus genotypes in iron utilization and the lineage-specific loss of the iron utilization genes in several A. flavus clonal lineages provide insight on evolution of iron acquisition and utilization within Aspergillus section Flavi. The potential divergence in capacity to acquire iron should be taken into account when selecting A. flavus active ingredients for biocontrol in niches where climate change may alter iron availability. MDPI 2021-01-09 /pmc/articles/PMC7827000/ /pubmed/33435439 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010137 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Adhikari, Bishwo N.
Callicott, Kenneth A.
Cotty, Peter J.
Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus
title Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus
title_full Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus
title_fullStr Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus
title_full_unstemmed Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus
title_short Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus
title_sort conservation and loss of a putative iron utilization gene cluster among genotypes of aspergillus flavus
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7827000/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33435439
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010137
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