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Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency
Iodine is essential for normal thyroid function, supporting healthy fetal and child development. Iodine requirements increase in pregnancy, but many women in regions without salt iodization have insufficient intakes. We explored associations between iodide intake and urinary iodine concentration (UI...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7830764/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33466826 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010230 |
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author | Threapleton, Diane E. Waiblinger, Dagmar Snart, Charles J.P. Taylor, Elizabeth Keeble, Claire Ashraf, Samina Bi, Shazia Ajjan, Ramzi Azad, Rafaq Hancock, Neil Mason, Dan Reid, Stephen Cromie, Kirsten J. Alwan, Nisreen A. Zimmermann, Michael Stewart, Paul M. Simpson, Nigel A.B. Wright, John Cade, Janet E. Hardie, Laura J. Greenwood, Darren C. |
author_facet | Threapleton, Diane E. Waiblinger, Dagmar Snart, Charles J.P. Taylor, Elizabeth Keeble, Claire Ashraf, Samina Bi, Shazia Ajjan, Ramzi Azad, Rafaq Hancock, Neil Mason, Dan Reid, Stephen Cromie, Kirsten J. Alwan, Nisreen A. Zimmermann, Michael Stewart, Paul M. Simpson, Nigel A.B. Wright, John Cade, Janet E. Hardie, Laura J. Greenwood, Darren C. |
author_sort | Threapleton, Diane E. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Iodine is essential for normal thyroid function, supporting healthy fetal and child development. Iodine requirements increase in pregnancy, but many women in regions without salt iodization have insufficient intakes. We explored associations between iodide intake and urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (I/Cr), thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and palpable goiter in a region of mild-to-moderate iodine insufficiency. A total of 246 pregnant women aged 18–40 in Bradford, UK, joined the Health and Iodine in Babies (Hiba) study. They provided detailed information on diet and supplement use, urine and serum samples and were assessed for goiter at around 12, 26 and 36 weeks’ gestation, and 6, 18 and 30 weeks postpartum. Dietary iodide intake from food and drink was estimated using six 24 h recalls. During pregnancy, median (IQR) dietary iodide intake was 101 µg/day (54, 142), with 42% from dairy and 9% from white fish. Including supplements, intake was 143 µg/day (94, 196), with 49% < UK reference nutrient intake (140 µg/day). Women with Pakistani heritage had 129 µg/day (87, 190) median total intake. Total intake during pregnancy was associated with 4% (95% CI: 1%, 7%) higher UIC, 5% (3%, 7%) higher I/Cr, 4% (2%, 6%) lower thyroglobulin and 21% (9%, 32%) lower odds of palpable goiter per 50 µg/day. This cohort consumed less iodide in pregnancy than UK and World Health Organization dietary recommendations. UIC, I/Cr and thyroglobulin were associated with intake. Higher intake was associated with fewer goiters. Because dairy was the dominant source of iodide, women following plant-based or low-dairy diets may be at particular risk of iodine insufficiency. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7830764 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78307642021-01-26 Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency Threapleton, Diane E. Waiblinger, Dagmar Snart, Charles J.P. Taylor, Elizabeth Keeble, Claire Ashraf, Samina Bi, Shazia Ajjan, Ramzi Azad, Rafaq Hancock, Neil Mason, Dan Reid, Stephen Cromie, Kirsten J. Alwan, Nisreen A. Zimmermann, Michael Stewart, Paul M. Simpson, Nigel A.B. Wright, John Cade, Janet E. Hardie, Laura J. Greenwood, Darren C. Nutrients Article Iodine is essential for normal thyroid function, supporting healthy fetal and child development. Iodine requirements increase in pregnancy, but many women in regions without salt iodization have insufficient intakes. We explored associations between iodide intake and urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (I/Cr), thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and palpable goiter in a region of mild-to-moderate iodine insufficiency. A total of 246 pregnant women aged 18–40 in Bradford, UK, joined the Health and Iodine in Babies (Hiba) study. They provided detailed information on diet and supplement use, urine and serum samples and were assessed for goiter at around 12, 26 and 36 weeks’ gestation, and 6, 18 and 30 weeks postpartum. Dietary iodide intake from food and drink was estimated using six 24 h recalls. During pregnancy, median (IQR) dietary iodide intake was 101 µg/day (54, 142), with 42% from dairy and 9% from white fish. Including supplements, intake was 143 µg/day (94, 196), with 49% < UK reference nutrient intake (140 µg/day). Women with Pakistani heritage had 129 µg/day (87, 190) median total intake. Total intake during pregnancy was associated with 4% (95% CI: 1%, 7%) higher UIC, 5% (3%, 7%) higher I/Cr, 4% (2%, 6%) lower thyroglobulin and 21% (9%, 32%) lower odds of palpable goiter per 50 µg/day. This cohort consumed less iodide in pregnancy than UK and World Health Organization dietary recommendations. UIC, I/Cr and thyroglobulin were associated with intake. Higher intake was associated with fewer goiters. Because dairy was the dominant source of iodide, women following plant-based or low-dairy diets may be at particular risk of iodine insufficiency. MDPI 2021-01-14 /pmc/articles/PMC7830764/ /pubmed/33466826 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010230 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Threapleton, Diane E. Waiblinger, Dagmar Snart, Charles J.P. Taylor, Elizabeth Keeble, Claire Ashraf, Samina Bi, Shazia Ajjan, Ramzi Azad, Rafaq Hancock, Neil Mason, Dan Reid, Stephen Cromie, Kirsten J. Alwan, Nisreen A. Zimmermann, Michael Stewart, Paul M. Simpson, Nigel A.B. Wright, John Cade, Janet E. Hardie, Laura J. Greenwood, Darren C. Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency |
title | Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency |
title_full | Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency |
title_fullStr | Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency |
title_full_unstemmed | Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency |
title_short | Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency |
title_sort | prenatal and postpartum maternal iodide intake from diet and supplements, urinary iodine and thyroid hormone concentrations in a region of the united kingdom with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7830764/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33466826 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010230 |
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