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Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent a novel cellular mechanism of antimicrobial defense activity. Intravascular neutrophils produce extracellular web-like structures composed of chromatin, histones, and cytoplasmic granule proteins to attack and kill microbes. They may impact...

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Autores principales: Flanders, A. J., Ossiboff, R. J., Wellehan, J. F. X., Alexander, A. B., Fredholm, D. V. E., Desiderio, T. M., Stacy, N. I.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Taylor & Francis 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7833021/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33416037
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1873453
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author Flanders, A. J.
Ossiboff, R. J.
Wellehan, J. F. X.
Alexander, A. B.
Fredholm, D. V. E.
Desiderio, T. M.
Stacy, N. I.
author_facet Flanders, A. J.
Ossiboff, R. J.
Wellehan, J. F. X.
Alexander, A. B.
Fredholm, D. V. E.
Desiderio, T. M.
Stacy, N. I.
author_sort Flanders, A. J.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent a novel cellular mechanism of antimicrobial defense activity. Intravascular neutrophils produce extracellular web-like structures composed of chromatin, histones, and cytoplasmic granule proteins to attack and kill microbes. They may impact both pathogen and host; NETs correlate strongly with disseminated intravascular coagulation and mortality in critically ill humans. The mechanism was first discovered in human neutrophils in 2004. Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) in a non-avian reptile species were first described in blood films of a gopher tortoise with systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: While prior reports are limited to blood film review and in vitro studies, this descriptive case series highlights the cytological identification of presumptive HETs in nine reptile patients. METHODS: Subjects included six gopher tortoises, one blood python (Python curtus), one Burmese python (P. bivittatus), and one desert king snake (Lampropeltis getula splendida). All six gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) had upper respiratory disease with bacterial etiology (including Helicobacter sp. and/or Mycoplasma sp.), and snakes had upper respiratory tract infection confirmed with serpentovirus (n = 2) or bacterial dermatitis (n = 1). RESULTS: Cytology samples with identified HETs included tissue imprints (n = 4), nasal discharge (n = 3), an oral swab (n = 1), and a fine needle aspirate of a skin lesion (n = 1). The identification of specific bacterial (n = 6) and/or viral pathogens (n = 2) was notable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of presumptive HETs recognized in reptile cytology specimens, suggesting an active cellular process in vivo in response to systemic inflammation in non-avian reptiles, and contributing to further understanding of extracellular traps in these species.
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spelling pubmed-78330212021-02-02 Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions Flanders, A. J. Ossiboff, R. J. Wellehan, J. F. X. Alexander, A. B. Fredholm, D. V. E. Desiderio, T. M. Stacy, N. I. Vet Q Articles BACKGROUND: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent a novel cellular mechanism of antimicrobial defense activity. Intravascular neutrophils produce extracellular web-like structures composed of chromatin, histones, and cytoplasmic granule proteins to attack and kill microbes. They may impact both pathogen and host; NETs correlate strongly with disseminated intravascular coagulation and mortality in critically ill humans. The mechanism was first discovered in human neutrophils in 2004. Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) in a non-avian reptile species were first described in blood films of a gopher tortoise with systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: While prior reports are limited to blood film review and in vitro studies, this descriptive case series highlights the cytological identification of presumptive HETs in nine reptile patients. METHODS: Subjects included six gopher tortoises, one blood python (Python curtus), one Burmese python (P. bivittatus), and one desert king snake (Lampropeltis getula splendida). All six gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) had upper respiratory disease with bacterial etiology (including Helicobacter sp. and/or Mycoplasma sp.), and snakes had upper respiratory tract infection confirmed with serpentovirus (n = 2) or bacterial dermatitis (n = 1). RESULTS: Cytology samples with identified HETs included tissue imprints (n = 4), nasal discharge (n = 3), an oral swab (n = 1), and a fine needle aspirate of a skin lesion (n = 1). The identification of specific bacterial (n = 6) and/or viral pathogens (n = 2) was notable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of presumptive HETs recognized in reptile cytology specimens, suggesting an active cellular process in vivo in response to systemic inflammation in non-avian reptiles, and contributing to further understanding of extracellular traps in these species. Taylor & Francis 2021-01-17 /pmc/articles/PMC7833021/ /pubmed/33416037 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1873453 Text en © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Articles
Flanders, A. J.
Ossiboff, R. J.
Wellehan, J. F. X.
Alexander, A. B.
Fredholm, D. V. E.
Desiderio, T. M.
Stacy, N. I.
Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions
title Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions
title_full Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions
title_fullStr Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions
title_full_unstemmed Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions
title_short Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions
title_sort presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions
topic Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7833021/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33416037
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1873453
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