2020 update on human coronaviruses: One health, one world

Since human coronavirus (HCoVs) was first described in the 1960s, seven strains of respiratory human coronaviruses have emerged and caused human infections. After the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a pneumonia outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has represented a pandemic threat to global public health in the 21st century. Without effectively prophylactic and therapeutic strategies including vaccines and antiviral drugs, these three coronaviruses have caused severe respiratory syndrome and high case-fatality rates around the world. In this review, we detail the emergence event, origin and reservoirs of all HCoVs, compare the differences with regard to structure and receptor usage, and summarize therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 that cause severe pneumonia and global pandemic.