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Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe and examine differences in resting blood pressure (BP) during an eight-week time frame in the course of the competitive season among collegiate swimmers of varied sexes. Methods A prospective observational study using a sample of convenience of...

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Autores principales: Arena, Sara K, Jones, Scott, Munoz, Anthony M, Murley, Meghan, (Strudwick) Melton, Ciera, Sakyi, Kwame, Hew-Butler, Tamara
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Cureus 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7837667/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33520536
http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12340
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author Arena, Sara K
Jones, Scott
Munoz, Anthony M
Murley, Meghan
(Strudwick) Melton, Ciera
Sakyi, Kwame
Hew-Butler, Tamara
author_facet Arena, Sara K
Jones, Scott
Munoz, Anthony M
Murley, Meghan
(Strudwick) Melton, Ciera
Sakyi, Kwame
Hew-Butler, Tamara
author_sort Arena, Sara K
collection PubMed
description Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe and examine differences in resting blood pressure (BP) during an eight-week time frame in the course of the competitive season among collegiate swimmers of varied sexes. Methods A prospective observational study using a sample of convenience of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 female and male swimmers from one university were invited to participate. Blood pressure was measured using standardized methodology at six encounters spaced over eight weeks. Descriptive statistics analyzed demographics, mean BP, and BP classifications. A pairwise t-test analyzed differences in the mean BP and BP classification by sex. The Bonferroni correction was applied given the multiple variables included in the analysis with statistical significance determined to be p≤0.002. Results Thirty-eight swimmers (15 males and 23 females) met the inclusion criteria. Differences between sexes were identified with a higher mean diastolic BP observed in males at the third encounter (p=0.0004) and a higher mean systolic BP observed in males at the sixth encounter (p=0.0002). Four males and four females were identified with a BP classified as stage 1 or 2 hypertension at the first encounter; however, six males and no females met this criterion at the last encounter which was statistically significant (p=0.0004). Conclusions Increased BP from baseline measured for systole, diastole, and BP classifications was significant in male compared to female swimmers. Specifically, divergence in BP by sex first appeared in the diastolic measures at three weeks and in the systolic measures and BP classifications by eight weeks.
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spelling pubmed-78376672021-01-28 Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study Arena, Sara K Jones, Scott Munoz, Anthony M Murley, Meghan (Strudwick) Melton, Ciera Sakyi, Kwame Hew-Butler, Tamara Cureus Cardiology Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe and examine differences in resting blood pressure (BP) during an eight-week time frame in the course of the competitive season among collegiate swimmers of varied sexes. Methods A prospective observational study using a sample of convenience of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 female and male swimmers from one university were invited to participate. Blood pressure was measured using standardized methodology at six encounters spaced over eight weeks. Descriptive statistics analyzed demographics, mean BP, and BP classifications. A pairwise t-test analyzed differences in the mean BP and BP classification by sex. The Bonferroni correction was applied given the multiple variables included in the analysis with statistical significance determined to be p≤0.002. Results Thirty-eight swimmers (15 males and 23 females) met the inclusion criteria. Differences between sexes were identified with a higher mean diastolic BP observed in males at the third encounter (p=0.0004) and a higher mean systolic BP observed in males at the sixth encounter (p=0.0002). Four males and four females were identified with a BP classified as stage 1 or 2 hypertension at the first encounter; however, six males and no females met this criterion at the last encounter which was statistically significant (p=0.0004). Conclusions Increased BP from baseline measured for systole, diastole, and BP classifications was significant in male compared to female swimmers. Specifically, divergence in BP by sex first appeared in the diastolic measures at three weeks and in the systolic measures and BP classifications by eight weeks. Cureus 2020-12-28 /pmc/articles/PMC7837667/ /pubmed/33520536 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12340 Text en Copyright © 2020, Arena et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Cardiology
Arena, Sara K
Jones, Scott
Munoz, Anthony M
Murley, Meghan
(Strudwick) Melton, Ciera
Sakyi, Kwame
Hew-Butler, Tamara
Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study
title Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study
title_full Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study
title_fullStr Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study
title_full_unstemmed Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study
title_short Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study
title_sort resting blood pressure in collegiate swimmers during a competitive season: a prospective observational study
topic Cardiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7837667/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33520536
http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12340
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