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The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base
The cranial base is a multifunctional bony platform within the core of the cranium, spanning rostral to caudal ends. This structure provides support for the brain and skull vault above, serves as a link between the head and the vertebral column below, and seamlessly integrates with the facial skelet...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7838769/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33498686 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb9010003 |
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author | Rengasamy Venugopalan, Shankar Van Otterloo, Eric |
author_facet | Rengasamy Venugopalan, Shankar Van Otterloo, Eric |
author_sort | Rengasamy Venugopalan, Shankar |
collection | PubMed |
description | The cranial base is a multifunctional bony platform within the core of the cranium, spanning rostral to caudal ends. This structure provides support for the brain and skull vault above, serves as a link between the head and the vertebral column below, and seamlessly integrates with the facial skeleton at its rostral end. Unique from the majority of the cranial skeleton, the cranial base develops from a cartilage intermediate—the chondrocranium—through the process of endochondral ossification. Owing to the intimate association of the cranial base with nearly all aspects of the head, congenital birth defects impacting these structures often coincide with anomalies of the cranial base. Despite this critical importance, studies investigating the genetic control of cranial base development and associated disorders lags in comparison to other craniofacial structures. Here, we highlight and review developmental and genetic aspects of the cranial base, including its transition from cartilage to bone, dual embryological origins, and vignettes of transcription factors controlling its formation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7838769 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78387692021-01-28 The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base Rengasamy Venugopalan, Shankar Van Otterloo, Eric J Dev Biol Review The cranial base is a multifunctional bony platform within the core of the cranium, spanning rostral to caudal ends. This structure provides support for the brain and skull vault above, serves as a link between the head and the vertebral column below, and seamlessly integrates with the facial skeleton at its rostral end. Unique from the majority of the cranial skeleton, the cranial base develops from a cartilage intermediate—the chondrocranium—through the process of endochondral ossification. Owing to the intimate association of the cranial base with nearly all aspects of the head, congenital birth defects impacting these structures often coincide with anomalies of the cranial base. Despite this critical importance, studies investigating the genetic control of cranial base development and associated disorders lags in comparison to other craniofacial structures. Here, we highlight and review developmental and genetic aspects of the cranial base, including its transition from cartilage to bone, dual embryological origins, and vignettes of transcription factors controlling its formation. MDPI 2021-01-23 /pmc/articles/PMC7838769/ /pubmed/33498686 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb9010003 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Rengasamy Venugopalan, Shankar Van Otterloo, Eric The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base |
title | The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base |
title_full | The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base |
title_fullStr | The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base |
title_full_unstemmed | The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base |
title_short | The Skull’s Girder: A Brief Review of the Cranial Base |
title_sort | skull’s girder: a brief review of the cranial base |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7838769/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33498686 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb9010003 |
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