Effect of elevated ozone and carbon dioxide interaction on growth, yield, nutrient content and wilt disease severity in chickpea grown in Northern India

Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum, sp. Ciceris (FOC) is an important disease causing losses up to 10% in chickpea yield. Experiments were conducted growing chickpea in free air ozone and carbon dioxide enrichment rings under four treatments of elevated ozone (O(3)) (EO:60 ± 10 ppb), elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (ECO(2):550 ± 25 ppm), combination of elevated CO(2) and O(3) (EO + ECO(2)) and ambient control for quantifying the effect on growth, yield, biochemical and nutrient content of chickpea. For studying the impact on wilt disease, chickpea was grown additionally in pots with soil containing FOC in these rings. The incidence of Fusarium wilt reduced significantly (p < 0.01) under EO as compared to ambient and ECO(2.) The activities of pathogenesis-related proteins chitinase and β-1,3- glucanase, involved in plant defense mechanism were enhanced under EO. The aboveground biomass and pod weight declined by 18.7 and 15.8% respectively in uninnoculated soils under EO, whereas, in FOC inoculated soil (diseased plants), the decline under EO was much less at 8.6 and 9.9% as compared to the ambient. Under EO, the activity of super oxide dismutase increased significantly (p < 0.5, 40%) as compared to catalase (12.5%) and peroxidase (17.5%) without any significant increase under EO + ECO(2). The proline accumulation was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in EO as compared to EO + ECO(2), and ECO(2). The seed yield declined under EO due to significant reduction (p < 0.01) in the number of unproductive pods and seed weight. No change in the protein, total soluble sugars, calcium and phosphorus content was observed in any of the treatments, however, a significant decrease in potassium (K) content was observed under EO + ECO(2). Elevated CO(2) (554ppm) countered the impacts of 21.1 and 14.4 ppm h (AOT 40) O(3) exposure on the seed yield and nutrient content (except K) in the EO + CO(2) treatment and reduced the severity of wilt disease in the two years' study.