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Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics
Emerging infectious diseases always pose a threat to humans along with plant and animal life. SARS-CoV2 is the recently emerged viral infection that originated from Wuhan city of the Republic of China in December 2019. Now, it has become a pandemic. Currently, SARS-CoV2 has infected more than 27.74...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier B.V.
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7843151/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33182073 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106980 |
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author | Kumar, V. |
author_facet | Kumar, V. |
author_sort | Kumar, V. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Emerging infectious diseases always pose a threat to humans along with plant and animal life. SARS-CoV2 is the recently emerged viral infection that originated from Wuhan city of the Republic of China in December 2019. Now, it has become a pandemic. Currently, SARS-CoV2 has infected more than 27.74 million people worldwide, and taken 901,928 human lives. It was named first ‘WH 1 Human CoV’ and later changed to 2019 novel CoV (2019-nCoV). Scientists have established it as a zoonotic viral disease emerged from Chinese horseshoe bats, which do not develop a severe infection. For example, Rhinolophus Chinese horseshoe bats harboring severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) or SARSr-Rh-BatCoV appear healthy and clear the virus within 2–4 months period. The article introduces first the concept of EIDs and some past EIDs, which have affected human life. Next section discusses mysteries regarding SARS-CoV2 origin, its evolution, and human transfer. Third section describes COVID-19 clinical symptoms and factors affecting susceptibility or resistance. The fourth section introduces the SARS-CoV2 entry in the host cell, its replication, and the establishment of productive infection. Section five describes the host’s immune response associated with asymptomatic, symptomatic, mild to moderate, and severe COVID-19. The subsequent seventh and eighth sections mention the immune status in COVID-19 convalescent patients and re-emergence of COVID-19 in them. Thereafter, the eighth section describes viral strategies to hijack the host antiviral immune response and generate the “cytokine storm”. The ninth section describes about transgenic humane ACE2 (hACE2) receptor expressing mice to study immunity, drugs, and vaccines. The article ends with the development of different immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutics strategies, including vaccines waiting for their approval in humans as prophylaxis or treatment measures. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7843151 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Elsevier B.V. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78431512021-01-29 Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics Kumar, V. Int Immunopharmacol Article Emerging infectious diseases always pose a threat to humans along with plant and animal life. SARS-CoV2 is the recently emerged viral infection that originated from Wuhan city of the Republic of China in December 2019. Now, it has become a pandemic. Currently, SARS-CoV2 has infected more than 27.74 million people worldwide, and taken 901,928 human lives. It was named first ‘WH 1 Human CoV’ and later changed to 2019 novel CoV (2019-nCoV). Scientists have established it as a zoonotic viral disease emerged from Chinese horseshoe bats, which do not develop a severe infection. For example, Rhinolophus Chinese horseshoe bats harboring severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) or SARSr-Rh-BatCoV appear healthy and clear the virus within 2–4 months period. The article introduces first the concept of EIDs and some past EIDs, which have affected human life. Next section discusses mysteries regarding SARS-CoV2 origin, its evolution, and human transfer. Third section describes COVID-19 clinical symptoms and factors affecting susceptibility or resistance. The fourth section introduces the SARS-CoV2 entry in the host cell, its replication, and the establishment of productive infection. Section five describes the host’s immune response associated with asymptomatic, symptomatic, mild to moderate, and severe COVID-19. The subsequent seventh and eighth sections mention the immune status in COVID-19 convalescent patients and re-emergence of COVID-19 in them. Thereafter, the eighth section describes viral strategies to hijack the host antiviral immune response and generate the “cytokine storm”. The ninth section describes about transgenic humane ACE2 (hACE2) receptor expressing mice to study immunity, drugs, and vaccines. The article ends with the development of different immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutics strategies, including vaccines waiting for their approval in humans as prophylaxis or treatment measures. Elsevier B.V. 2020-11 2020-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC7843151/ /pubmed/33182073 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106980 Text en © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Article Kumar, V. Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics |
title | Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics |
title_full | Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics |
title_fullStr | Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics |
title_full_unstemmed | Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics |
title_short | Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics |
title_sort | understanding the complexities of sars-cov2 infection and its immunology: a road to immune-based therapeutics |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7843151/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33182073 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106980 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kumarv understandingthecomplexitiesofsarscov2infectionanditsimmunologyaroadtoimmunebasedtherapeutics |