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Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development
Mammalian development involves an exquisite choreography of cell division, differentiation, locomotion, programmed cell death, and senescence that directs the transformation of a single cell zygote to a mature organism containing on the order of 40 trillion cells in humans. How a single totipotent z...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848110/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33537310 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.620089 |
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author | Wanner, Emma Thoppil, Harikrishnan Riabowol, Karl |
author_facet | Wanner, Emma Thoppil, Harikrishnan Riabowol, Karl |
author_sort | Wanner, Emma |
collection | PubMed |
description | Mammalian development involves an exquisite choreography of cell division, differentiation, locomotion, programmed cell death, and senescence that directs the transformation of a single cell zygote to a mature organism containing on the order of 40 trillion cells in humans. How a single totipotent zygote undergoes the rapid stages of embryonic development to form over 200 different cell types is complex in the extreme and remains the focus of active research. Processes such as programmed cell death or apoptosis has long been known to occur during development to help sculpt organs and tissue systems. Other processes such as cellular senescence, long thought to only occur in pathologic states such as aging and tumorigenesis have been recently reported to play a vital role in development. In this review, we focus on apoptosis and senescence; the former as an integral mechanism that plays a critical role not only in mature organisms, but that is also essential in shaping mammalian development. The latter as a well-defined feature of aging for which some reports indicate a function in development. We will dissect the dual roles of major gene families, pathways such as Hox, Rb, p53, and epigenetic regulators such as the ING proteins in both early and the late stages and how they play antagonistic roles by increasing fitness and decreasing mortality early in life but contribute to deleterious effects and pathologies later in life. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7848110 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78481102021-02-02 Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development Wanner, Emma Thoppil, Harikrishnan Riabowol, Karl Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology Mammalian development involves an exquisite choreography of cell division, differentiation, locomotion, programmed cell death, and senescence that directs the transformation of a single cell zygote to a mature organism containing on the order of 40 trillion cells in humans. How a single totipotent zygote undergoes the rapid stages of embryonic development to form over 200 different cell types is complex in the extreme and remains the focus of active research. Processes such as programmed cell death or apoptosis has long been known to occur during development to help sculpt organs and tissue systems. Other processes such as cellular senescence, long thought to only occur in pathologic states such as aging and tumorigenesis have been recently reported to play a vital role in development. In this review, we focus on apoptosis and senescence; the former as an integral mechanism that plays a critical role not only in mature organisms, but that is also essential in shaping mammalian development. The latter as a well-defined feature of aging for which some reports indicate a function in development. We will dissect the dual roles of major gene families, pathways such as Hox, Rb, p53, and epigenetic regulators such as the ING proteins in both early and the late stages and how they play antagonistic roles by increasing fitness and decreasing mortality early in life but contribute to deleterious effects and pathologies later in life. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-01-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7848110/ /pubmed/33537310 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.620089 Text en Copyright © 2021 Wanner, Thoppil and Riabowol. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cell and Developmental Biology Wanner, Emma Thoppil, Harikrishnan Riabowol, Karl Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development |
title | Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development |
title_full | Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development |
title_fullStr | Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development |
title_full_unstemmed | Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development |
title_short | Senescence and Apoptosis: Architects of Mammalian Development |
title_sort | senescence and apoptosis: architects of mammalian development |
topic | Cell and Developmental Biology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848110/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33537310 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.620089 |
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