Impact of Unannounced Standardized Patient Audit and Feedback on Care, Documentation, and Costs: an Experiment and Claims Analysis

BACKGROUND: Meaningful variations in physician performance are not always discernible from the medical record. OBJECTIVE: We used unannounced standardized patients to measure and provide feedback on care quality and fidelity of documentation, and examined downstream effects on reimbursement claims. DESIGN: Static group pre-post comparison study conducted between 2017 and 2019. SETTING: Fourteen New Jersey primary care practice groups (22 practices) enrolled in Horizon BCBS’s value-based program received the intervention. For claims analyses, we identified 14 additional comparison practice groups matched on county, practice size, and claims activity. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-nine of 64 providers volunteered to participate. INTERVENTION: Unannounced standardized patients (USPs) made 217 visits portraying patients with 1–2 focal conditions (diabetes, depression, back pain, smoking, or preventive cancer screening). After two baseline visits to a provider, we delivered feedback and conducted two follow-up visits. MEASUREMENTS: USP-completed checklists of guideline-based provider care behaviors, visit audio recordings, and provider notes were used to measure behaviors performed and documentation errors pre- and post-feedback. We also compared changes in 3-month office-based claims by actual patients between the intervention and comparison practice groups before and after feedback. RESULTS: Expected clinical behaviors increased from 46% to 56% (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.29–1.83, p < 0.0001), with significant improvements in smoking cessation, back pain, and depression screening. Providers were less likely to document unperformed tasks after (16%) than before feedback (18%; OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.90, p = 0.002). Actual claim costs increased significantly less in the study than comparison group for diabetes and depression but significantly more for smoking cessation, cancer screening, and low back pain. LIMITATIONS: Self-selection of participating practices and lack of access to prescription claims. CONCLUSION: Direct observation of care identifies hidden deficits in practice and documentation, and with feedback can improve both, with concomitant effects on costs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11606-020-05965-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.