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The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransm...

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Autores principales: Chen, Zefeng, Ruan, Jingsheng, Li, Dinghua, Wang, Min, Han, Zhiwei, Qiu, Wenxia, Wu, Guobin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7859631/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33553004
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759
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author Chen, Zefeng
Ruan, Jingsheng
Li, Dinghua
Wang, Min
Han, Zhiwei
Qiu, Wenxia
Wu, Guobin
author_facet Chen, Zefeng
Ruan, Jingsheng
Li, Dinghua
Wang, Min
Han, Zhiwei
Qiu, Wenxia
Wu, Guobin
author_sort Chen, Zefeng
collection PubMed
description Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransmitter signal transduction, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Compared to healthy individuals, the intestinal microbiota of patients with liver disease is significantly different and is associated with the occurrence of HE. Moreover, intestinal microbiota is closely associated with multiple links in the pathogenesis of HE, including the theory of ammonia intoxication, bile acid circulation, GABA-ergic tone hypothesis, and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive and motor disorders in patients. Restoring the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria or providing specific probiotics has significant effects on neurological disorders in HE. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the potential microbial mechanisms and metabolic effects in the progression of HE through the gut–brain axis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in HE.
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spelling pubmed-78596312021-02-05 The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy Chen, Zefeng Ruan, Jingsheng Li, Dinghua Wang, Min Han, Zhiwei Qiu, Wenxia Wu, Guobin Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransmitter signal transduction, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Compared to healthy individuals, the intestinal microbiota of patients with liver disease is significantly different and is associated with the occurrence of HE. Moreover, intestinal microbiota is closely associated with multiple links in the pathogenesis of HE, including the theory of ammonia intoxication, bile acid circulation, GABA-ergic tone hypothesis, and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive and motor disorders in patients. Restoring the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria or providing specific probiotics has significant effects on neurological disorders in HE. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the potential microbial mechanisms and metabolic effects in the progression of HE through the gut–brain axis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in HE. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-01-21 /pmc/articles/PMC7859631/ /pubmed/33553004 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759 Text en Copyright © 2021 Chen, Ruan, Li, Wang, Han, Qiu and Wu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Chen, Zefeng
Ruan, Jingsheng
Li, Dinghua
Wang, Min
Han, Zhiwei
Qiu, Wenxia
Wu, Guobin
The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy
title The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy
title_full The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy
title_fullStr The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy
title_short The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy
title_sort role of intestinal bacteria and gut–brain axis in hepatic encephalopathy
topic Cellular and Infection Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7859631/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33553004
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759
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