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The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransm...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7859631/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33553004 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759 |
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author | Chen, Zefeng Ruan, Jingsheng Li, Dinghua Wang, Min Han, Zhiwei Qiu, Wenxia Wu, Guobin |
author_facet | Chen, Zefeng Ruan, Jingsheng Li, Dinghua Wang, Min Han, Zhiwei Qiu, Wenxia Wu, Guobin |
author_sort | Chen, Zefeng |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransmitter signal transduction, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Compared to healthy individuals, the intestinal microbiota of patients with liver disease is significantly different and is associated with the occurrence of HE. Moreover, intestinal microbiota is closely associated with multiple links in the pathogenesis of HE, including the theory of ammonia intoxication, bile acid circulation, GABA-ergic tone hypothesis, and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive and motor disorders in patients. Restoring the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria or providing specific probiotics has significant effects on neurological disorders in HE. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the potential microbial mechanisms and metabolic effects in the progression of HE through the gut–brain axis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in HE. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7859631 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78596312021-02-05 The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy Chen, Zefeng Ruan, Jingsheng Li, Dinghua Wang, Min Han, Zhiwei Qiu, Wenxia Wu, Guobin Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransmitter signal transduction, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Compared to healthy individuals, the intestinal microbiota of patients with liver disease is significantly different and is associated with the occurrence of HE. Moreover, intestinal microbiota is closely associated with multiple links in the pathogenesis of HE, including the theory of ammonia intoxication, bile acid circulation, GABA-ergic tone hypothesis, and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive and motor disorders in patients. Restoring the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria or providing specific probiotics has significant effects on neurological disorders in HE. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the potential microbial mechanisms and metabolic effects in the progression of HE through the gut–brain axis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in HE. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-01-21 /pmc/articles/PMC7859631/ /pubmed/33553004 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759 Text en Copyright © 2021 Chen, Ruan, Li, Wang, Han, Qiu and Wu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cellular and Infection Microbiology Chen, Zefeng Ruan, Jingsheng Li, Dinghua Wang, Min Han, Zhiwei Qiu, Wenxia Wu, Guobin The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy |
title | The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy |
title_full | The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy |
title_fullStr | The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy |
title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy |
title_short | The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut–Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy |
title_sort | role of intestinal bacteria and gut–brain axis in hepatic encephalopathy |
topic | Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7859631/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33553004 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759 |
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