Optimization of Progressive Freezing for Residual Oil Recovery from a Palm Oil–Water Mixture (POME Model)

[Image: see text] Oil and grease remain the dominant contaminants in the palm oil mill effluent (POME) despite the conventional treatment of POME. The removal of residual oil from palm oil–water mixture (POME model) using the progressive freezing process was investigated. An optimization technique called response surface methodology (RSM) with the design of rotatable central composite design was applied to figure out the optimum experimental variables generated by Design–Expert software (version 6.0.4. Stat-Ease, trial version). Besides, RSM also helps to investigate the interactive effects among the independent variables compared to one factor at a time. The variables involved are coolant temperature, X(A) (4–12 °C), freezing time, X(B) (20–60 min), and circulation flow, X(C) (200–600 rpm). The statistical analysis showed that a two-factor interaction model was developed using the obtained experimental data with a coefficient of determination (R(2)) value of 0.9582. From the RSM-generated model, the optimum conditions for extraction of oil from the POME model were a coolant temperature of 6 °C in 50 min freezing time with a circulation flowrate of 500 rpm. The validation of the model showed that the predicted oil yield and experimental oil yield were 92.56 and 93.20%, respectively.