Inhibition of the invasion and metastasis of mammary carcinoma cells by NBD peptide targeting S100A4 via the suppression of the Sp1/MMP-14 axis

A synthetic peptide that blocks the interaction between the metastasis-enhancing calcium-binding protein, S100A4, and its effector protein, methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) (the NBD peptide), was previously demonstrated to inhibit the angiogenesis of endothelial cells, leading to the regression of human prostate cancer in a xenograft model. However, the effects of the NBD peptide on the malignant properties of cancer cells that express S100A4 remain to be elucidated. The present study demonstrates that the NBD peptide inhibits the invasiveness and metastasis of highly metastatic human mammary carcinoma cells. The introduction of the peptide into MDA-MB-231 variant cells resulted in the suppression of matrix degradation in a gelatin invadopodia assay and invasiveness in a Matrigel invasion assay. In line with these results, the peptide significantly downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 (MT1-MMP). Mechanistic analysis of the downregulation of MMP-14 revealed the suppression of the expression of the transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (Sp1), but not that of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, early growth response 1 (EGR1) or ELK3, all of which were reported to be involved in transcriptional regulation of the MMP-14 gene. At the same time, evidence suggested that the NBD peptide also suppressed Sp1 and MMP-14 expression levels in MDA-MB-468 cells. Importantly, the intravenous administration of the NBD peptide encapsulated in liposomes inhibited pulmonary metastasis from mammary gland tumors in mice with xeno-graft tumors. These results indicate that the NBD peptide can suppress malignant tumor growth through the suppression of the Sp1/MMP-14 axis. Taken together, these results reveal that the NBD peptide acts on not only endothelial cells, but also on tumor cells in an integrated manner, suggesting that the peptide may prove to be a promising cancer therapeutic peptide drug.