Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Derived from Imidazole-Based Cross-Linked Porous Organic Polymers

Nitrogen-doped and heteroatom multi-doped carbon materials are considered excellent metal-free catalysts, superior catalyst supports for transition metal particles and single metal atoms (single-atom catalysts), as well as efficient sorbents for gas- and liquid-phase substances. Acid-catalyzed sol–gel polycondensation of hydroxybenzenes with heterocyclic aldehydes yields cross-linked thermosetting resins in the form of porous organic polymers (i.e., organic gels). Depending on the utilized hydroxybenzene (e.g., phenol, resorcinol, phloroglucinol, etc.) and heterocyclic aldehyde variety of heteroatom-doped organic polymers can be produced. Upon pyrolysis, highly porous and heteroatom-doped carbons are obtained. Herein, polycondensation of phloroglucinol with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (and other, similar heterocyclic aldehydes with two heteroatoms in the aromatic ring) is utilized to obtain porous, N-doped organic and carbon gels with N-content of up to 16.5 and 12 wt.%, respectively. Utilization of a heterocyclic aldehyde with two different heteroatoms yields dually-doped carbon materials. Upon pyrolysis, the porous polymers yield ultramicroporous N-doped and N,S co-doped carbons with specific surface areas of up to 800 m(2)g(−1). The influence of the initial composition of reactants and the pyrolysis temperature on the structure and chemical composition of the final doped organic and carbon materials is studied in detail.