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Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver

Over the last decade, increased research into the cognizance of the gut–liver–brain axis in medicine has yielded powerful evidence suggesting a strong association between alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) and the brain, including hepatic encephalopathy or other similar brain disorders. In the gut–brain...

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Autores principales: Gupta, Haripriya, Suk, Ki Tae, Kim, Dong Joon
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7867253/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33540624
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030541
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author Gupta, Haripriya
Suk, Ki Tae
Kim, Dong Joon
author_facet Gupta, Haripriya
Suk, Ki Tae
Kim, Dong Joon
author_sort Gupta, Haripriya
collection PubMed
description Over the last decade, increased research into the cognizance of the gut–liver–brain axis in medicine has yielded powerful evidence suggesting a strong association between alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) and the brain, including hepatic encephalopathy or other similar brain disorders. In the gut–brain axis, chronic, alcohol-drinking-induced, low-grade systemic inflammation is suggested to be the main pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with ALD. However, the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites have remained unclear. Eubiosis of the gut microbiome is crucial as dysbiosis between autochthonous bacteria and pathobionts leads to intestinal insult, liver injury, and neuroinflammation. Restoring dysbiosis using modulating factors such as alcohol abstinence, promoting commensal bacterial abundance, maintaining short-chain fatty acids in the gut, or vagus nerve stimulation could be beneficial in alleviating disease progression. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic mechanisms linked with the gut–liver–brain axis in the development and progression of brain disorders associated with ALD in both experimental models and humans. Further, we discuss the therapeutic potential and future research directions as they relate to the gut–liver–brain axis.
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spelling pubmed-78672532021-02-07 Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver Gupta, Haripriya Suk, Ki Tae Kim, Dong Joon J Clin Med Review Over the last decade, increased research into the cognizance of the gut–liver–brain axis in medicine has yielded powerful evidence suggesting a strong association between alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) and the brain, including hepatic encephalopathy or other similar brain disorders. In the gut–brain axis, chronic, alcohol-drinking-induced, low-grade systemic inflammation is suggested to be the main pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with ALD. However, the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites have remained unclear. Eubiosis of the gut microbiome is crucial as dysbiosis between autochthonous bacteria and pathobionts leads to intestinal insult, liver injury, and neuroinflammation. Restoring dysbiosis using modulating factors such as alcohol abstinence, promoting commensal bacterial abundance, maintaining short-chain fatty acids in the gut, or vagus nerve stimulation could be beneficial in alleviating disease progression. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic mechanisms linked with the gut–liver–brain axis in the development and progression of brain disorders associated with ALD in both experimental models and humans. Further, we discuss the therapeutic potential and future research directions as they relate to the gut–liver–brain axis. MDPI 2021-02-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7867253/ /pubmed/33540624 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030541 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Gupta, Haripriya
Suk, Ki Tae
Kim, Dong Joon
Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver
title Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver
title_full Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver
title_fullStr Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver
title_full_unstemmed Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver
title_short Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Alcohol, Brain, and the Liver
title_sort gut microbiota at the intersection of alcohol, brain, and the liver
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7867253/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33540624
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030541
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