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Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats
Zamzam water is a natural alkaline water which has become alkaline as a result of the natural environment. It comes from what is considered as one of the oldest springs in the world. The water contains high concentrations of alkaline minerals as well as trace and heavy metals. The aim of the current...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7873737/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33603543 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.007 |
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author | Al Doghaither, Huda A. Al-Sohaibani, Razan M. Omar, Ulfat M. Alharbi, Hassan A. |
author_facet | Al Doghaither, Huda A. Al-Sohaibani, Razan M. Omar, Ulfat M. Alharbi, Hassan A. |
author_sort | Al Doghaither, Huda A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Zamzam water is a natural alkaline water which has become alkaline as a result of the natural environment. It comes from what is considered as one of the oldest springs in the world. The water contains high concentrations of alkaline minerals as well as trace and heavy metals. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidney functions of rats. Adult female Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g were divided into two groups, with 15 rats in each. The control group was supplied daily by bottled water and the Zamzam water group was supplied daily by 500 ml of Zamzam water for five weeks. The rats were weighed weekly and, at the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all rats for the biochemical determination of serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, albumin, and uric acid, using calorimetric methods. Liver and kidney tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered-formalin solution and further embedded in wax blocks for routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and were examined for histopathological changes using a light microscope. The results of the current study showed that there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of the Zamzam group when compared to the control group after five weeks of ingestion. Liver and kidney function tests did not show any significant difference when compared with the controls (P > 0.05). In addition, histological examination of the liver and kidney tissues did not show any toxicological changes. In conclusion, the results showed that the ingestion of Zamzam water did not alter serum levels of kidney function tests and liver enzymes; and did not result in a noticeable change in the liver and kidney histology. Thus, the high concentrations of elements in Zamzam water do not induce hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity and the water is considered safe for long-term consumption. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7873737 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78737372021-02-17 Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats Al Doghaither, Huda A. Al-Sohaibani, Razan M. Omar, Ulfat M. Alharbi, Hassan A. Saudi Pharm J Original Article Zamzam water is a natural alkaline water which has become alkaline as a result of the natural environment. It comes from what is considered as one of the oldest springs in the world. The water contains high concentrations of alkaline minerals as well as trace and heavy metals. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidney functions of rats. Adult female Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g were divided into two groups, with 15 rats in each. The control group was supplied daily by bottled water and the Zamzam water group was supplied daily by 500 ml of Zamzam water for five weeks. The rats were weighed weekly and, at the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all rats for the biochemical determination of serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, albumin, and uric acid, using calorimetric methods. Liver and kidney tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered-formalin solution and further embedded in wax blocks for routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and were examined for histopathological changes using a light microscope. The results of the current study showed that there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of the Zamzam group when compared to the control group after five weeks of ingestion. Liver and kidney function tests did not show any significant difference when compared with the controls (P > 0.05). In addition, histological examination of the liver and kidney tissues did not show any toxicological changes. In conclusion, the results showed that the ingestion of Zamzam water did not alter serum levels of kidney function tests and liver enzymes; and did not result in a noticeable change in the liver and kidney histology. Thus, the high concentrations of elements in Zamzam water do not induce hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity and the water is considered safe for long-term consumption. Elsevier 2021-01 2020-12-21 /pmc/articles/PMC7873737/ /pubmed/33603543 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.007 Text en © 2020 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Original Article Al Doghaither, Huda A. Al-Sohaibani, Razan M. Omar, Ulfat M. Alharbi, Hassan A. Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats |
title | Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats |
title_full | Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats |
title_fullStr | Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats |
title_full_unstemmed | Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats |
title_short | Biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of Zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats |
title_sort | biochemical and histological effects of five weeks ingestion of zamzam water on the liver and kidneys of wistar rats |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7873737/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33603543 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.007 |
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