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The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines

The presence of certain volatile biomarkers in the breath of patients with gastric cancer has been reported by several studies; however, the origin of these compounds remains controversial. In vitro studies, involving gastric cancer cells may address this problem and aid in revealing the biochemical...

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Autores principales: Leiherer, Andreas, Ślefarska, Daria, Leja, Marcis, Heinzle, Christine, Mündlein, Axel, Kikuste, Ilze, Mezmale, Linda, Drexel, Heinz, Mayhew, Chris A., Mochalski, Paweł
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874186/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33585559
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.607904
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author Leiherer, Andreas
Ślefarska, Daria
Leja, Marcis
Heinzle, Christine
Mündlein, Axel
Kikuste, Ilze
Mezmale, Linda
Drexel, Heinz
Mayhew, Chris A.
Mochalski, Paweł
author_facet Leiherer, Andreas
Ślefarska, Daria
Leja, Marcis
Heinzle, Christine
Mündlein, Axel
Kikuste, Ilze
Mezmale, Linda
Drexel, Heinz
Mayhew, Chris A.
Mochalski, Paweł
author_sort Leiherer, Andreas
collection PubMed
description The presence of certain volatile biomarkers in the breath of patients with gastric cancer has been reported by several studies; however, the origin of these compounds remains controversial. In vitro studies, involving gastric cancer cells may address this problem and aid in revealing the biochemical pathways underlying the production and metabolism of gastric cancer volatile indicators. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, coupled with headspace needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique, has been applied to map the volatilomic footprints of human HGC-27 and CLS-145 gastric cancer cell lines and normal Human Stomach Epithelial Cells (HSEC). In total, 27 volatile compounds are found to be associated with metabolism occurring in HGC-27, CLS-145, and HSEC. Amongst these, the headspace concentrations of 12 volatiles were found to be reduced compared to those above just the cultivating medium, namely there was an observed uptake of eight aldehydes (2-methylpropanal, 2-methyl-2-propenal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, and benzaldehyde), three heterocyclic compounds (2-methyl-furan, 2-ethyl-furan, and 2-pentyl-furan), and one sulfur-containing compound (dimethyl disulphide). For the other 15 volatiles, the headspace concentrations above the healthy and cancerous cells were found to be higher than those found above the cultivating medium, namely the cells were found to release three esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), seven ketones (2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-heptadecanone), three alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), one aromatic compound (toluene), and one sulfur containing compound [2-methyl-5-(methylthio) furan]. In comparison to HSEC, HGC-27 cancer cell lines were found to have significantly altered metabolism, manifested by an increased production of methyl ketones containing an odd number of carbons. Amongst these species, three volatiles were found exclusively to be produced by this cell line, namely 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-heptadecanone. Another interesting feature of the HGC-27 footprint is the lowered level of alcohols and esters. The CLS-145 cells exhibited less pronounced changes in their volatilomic pattern compared to HSEC. Their footprint was characterized by the upregulated production of esters and 2-ethyl-hexanol and downregulated production of other alcohols. We have therefore demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between cancerous and healthy gastric cells using biochemical volatile signatures.
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spelling pubmed-78741862021-02-11 The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines Leiherer, Andreas Ślefarska, Daria Leja, Marcis Heinzle, Christine Mündlein, Axel Kikuste, Ilze Mezmale, Linda Drexel, Heinz Mayhew, Chris A. Mochalski, Paweł Front Mol Biosci Molecular Biosciences The presence of certain volatile biomarkers in the breath of patients with gastric cancer has been reported by several studies; however, the origin of these compounds remains controversial. In vitro studies, involving gastric cancer cells may address this problem and aid in revealing the biochemical pathways underlying the production and metabolism of gastric cancer volatile indicators. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, coupled with headspace needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique, has been applied to map the volatilomic footprints of human HGC-27 and CLS-145 gastric cancer cell lines and normal Human Stomach Epithelial Cells (HSEC). In total, 27 volatile compounds are found to be associated with metabolism occurring in HGC-27, CLS-145, and HSEC. Amongst these, the headspace concentrations of 12 volatiles were found to be reduced compared to those above just the cultivating medium, namely there was an observed uptake of eight aldehydes (2-methylpropanal, 2-methyl-2-propenal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, and benzaldehyde), three heterocyclic compounds (2-methyl-furan, 2-ethyl-furan, and 2-pentyl-furan), and one sulfur-containing compound (dimethyl disulphide). For the other 15 volatiles, the headspace concentrations above the healthy and cancerous cells were found to be higher than those found above the cultivating medium, namely the cells were found to release three esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), seven ketones (2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-heptadecanone), three alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), one aromatic compound (toluene), and one sulfur containing compound [2-methyl-5-(methylthio) furan]. In comparison to HSEC, HGC-27 cancer cell lines were found to have significantly altered metabolism, manifested by an increased production of methyl ketones containing an odd number of carbons. Amongst these species, three volatiles were found exclusively to be produced by this cell line, namely 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-heptadecanone. Another interesting feature of the HGC-27 footprint is the lowered level of alcohols and esters. The CLS-145 cells exhibited less pronounced changes in their volatilomic pattern compared to HSEC. Their footprint was characterized by the upregulated production of esters and 2-ethyl-hexanol and downregulated production of other alcohols. We have therefore demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between cancerous and healthy gastric cells using biochemical volatile signatures. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-01-11 /pmc/articles/PMC7874186/ /pubmed/33585559 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.607904 Text en Copyright © 2021 Leiherer, Ślefarska, Leja, Heinzle, Mündlein, Kikuste, Mezmale, Drexel, Mayhew and Mochalski. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Molecular Biosciences
Leiherer, Andreas
Ślefarska, Daria
Leja, Marcis
Heinzle, Christine
Mündlein, Axel
Kikuste, Ilze
Mezmale, Linda
Drexel, Heinz
Mayhew, Chris A.
Mochalski, Paweł
The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
title The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
title_full The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
title_fullStr The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
title_full_unstemmed The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
title_short The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
title_sort volatilomic footprints of human hgc-27 and cls-145 gastric cancer cell lines
topic Molecular Biosciences
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874186/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33585559
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.607904
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