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Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease in most parts of the world affecting one-third of the western population and a growing cause for end-stage liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Majorly driven by obesity and diabetes mellitus, NAF...

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Autores principales: Srinivas, Akshatha N., Suresh, Diwakar, Santhekadur, Prasanna K., Suvarna, Deepak, Kumar, Divya P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7884478/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33603757
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.627424
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author Srinivas, Akshatha N.
Suresh, Diwakar
Santhekadur, Prasanna K.
Suvarna, Deepak
Kumar, Divya P.
author_facet Srinivas, Akshatha N.
Suresh, Diwakar
Santhekadur, Prasanna K.
Suvarna, Deepak
Kumar, Divya P.
author_sort Srinivas, Akshatha N.
collection PubMed
description Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease in most parts of the world affecting one-third of the western population and a growing cause for end-stage liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Majorly driven by obesity and diabetes mellitus, NAFLD is more of a multifactorial disease affected by extra-hepatic organ crosstalk. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) progressed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) predisposes multiple complications such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Although the complete pathogenic mechanisms of this disease are not understood, inflammation is considered as a key driver to the onset of NASH. Lipotoxicity, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and intestinal dysbiosis trigger both hepatic and systemic inflammatory cascades simultaneously activating immune responses. Over a few years, extracellular vesicles studied extensively concerning the pathobiology of NAFLD indicated it as a key modulator in the setting of immune-mediated inflammation. Exosomes and microvesicles, the two main types of extracellular vesicles are secreted by an array of most mammalian cells, which are involved mainly in cell-cell communication that are unique to cell type. Various bioactive cargoes containing extracellular vesicles derived from both hepatic and extrahepatic milieu showed critical implications in driving steatosis to NASH reaffirming inflammation as the primary contributor to the whole process. In this mini-review, we provide brief insights into the inflammatory mediators of NASH with special emphasis on extracellular vesicles that acts as drivers of inflammation in NAFLD.
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spelling pubmed-78844782021-02-17 Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD Srinivas, Akshatha N. Suresh, Diwakar Santhekadur, Prasanna K. Suvarna, Deepak Kumar, Divya P. Front Immunol Immunology Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease in most parts of the world affecting one-third of the western population and a growing cause for end-stage liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Majorly driven by obesity and diabetes mellitus, NAFLD is more of a multifactorial disease affected by extra-hepatic organ crosstalk. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) progressed to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) predisposes multiple complications such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Although the complete pathogenic mechanisms of this disease are not understood, inflammation is considered as a key driver to the onset of NASH. Lipotoxicity, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and intestinal dysbiosis trigger both hepatic and systemic inflammatory cascades simultaneously activating immune responses. Over a few years, extracellular vesicles studied extensively concerning the pathobiology of NAFLD indicated it as a key modulator in the setting of immune-mediated inflammation. Exosomes and microvesicles, the two main types of extracellular vesicles are secreted by an array of most mammalian cells, which are involved mainly in cell-cell communication that are unique to cell type. Various bioactive cargoes containing extracellular vesicles derived from both hepatic and extrahepatic milieu showed critical implications in driving steatosis to NASH reaffirming inflammation as the primary contributor to the whole process. In this mini-review, we provide brief insights into the inflammatory mediators of NASH with special emphasis on extracellular vesicles that acts as drivers of inflammation in NAFLD. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-02-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7884478/ /pubmed/33603757 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.627424 Text en Copyright © 2021 Srinivas, Suresh, Santhekadur, Suvarna and Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Srinivas, Akshatha N.
Suresh, Diwakar
Santhekadur, Prasanna K.
Suvarna, Deepak
Kumar, Divya P.
Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD
title Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD
title_full Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD
title_fullStr Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD
title_full_unstemmed Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD
title_short Extracellular Vesicles as Inflammatory Drivers in NAFLD
title_sort extracellular vesicles as inflammatory drivers in nafld
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7884478/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33603757
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.627424
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