Cargando…

Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use

Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Lampiri, Evagelia, Agrafioti, Paraskevi, Athanassiou, Christos G.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7887275/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33594183
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y
_version_ 1783651946155999232
author Lampiri, Evagelia
Agrafioti, Paraskevi
Athanassiou, Christos G.
author_facet Lampiri, Evagelia
Agrafioti, Paraskevi
Athanassiou, Christos G.
author_sort Lampiri, Evagelia
collection PubMed
description Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in selected species was examined, as well as the appearance of the so called "sweet spot". The species that were tested were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with populations that had different levels of phosphine resistance. Evaluation was conducted by using the Phosphine Tolerance Test (PTT), with exposure of the adult stage for 15, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min at 3000 ppm. At the end of these intervals (separate bioassays for each time interval), the insects were transferred to Petri dishes, in which recovery was recorded at different time intervals (2 h, 1, 2 and 7 days). The majority of susceptible populations of all species were instantly immobilized even in the shortest exposure period (15 min), in contrast with resistant populations that were active even after 300 min. After exposure to phosphine, populations and exposure time affected mortality of susceptible populations, whereas resistant populations recovered regardless of species and exposure time. Additional bioassays at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 20, 30 and 40 h showed the presence of the "sweet spot", i.e., decrease of mortality with the increase of concentration. In fact, for most of the tested species, the "sweet spot" appeared in 1000 and 2000 ppm at a 5-h exposure time, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine. This observation is particularly important both in terms of the assessment of resistance and in the context of non-linear recovery at elevated concentrations, indicating the occurrence of strong hormetic reversals in phosphine efficacy.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7887275
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher Nature Publishing Group UK
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-78872752021-02-18 Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use Lampiri, Evagelia Agrafioti, Paraskevi Athanassiou, Christos G. Sci Rep Article Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in selected species was examined, as well as the appearance of the so called "sweet spot". The species that were tested were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with populations that had different levels of phosphine resistance. Evaluation was conducted by using the Phosphine Tolerance Test (PTT), with exposure of the adult stage for 15, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min at 3000 ppm. At the end of these intervals (separate bioassays for each time interval), the insects were transferred to Petri dishes, in which recovery was recorded at different time intervals (2 h, 1, 2 and 7 days). The majority of susceptible populations of all species were instantly immobilized even in the shortest exposure period (15 min), in contrast with resistant populations that were active even after 300 min. After exposure to phosphine, populations and exposure time affected mortality of susceptible populations, whereas resistant populations recovered regardless of species and exposure time. Additional bioassays at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 20, 30 and 40 h showed the presence of the "sweet spot", i.e., decrease of mortality with the increase of concentration. In fact, for most of the tested species, the "sweet spot" appeared in 1000 and 2000 ppm at a 5-h exposure time, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine. This observation is particularly important both in terms of the assessment of resistance and in the context of non-linear recovery at elevated concentrations, indicating the occurrence of strong hormetic reversals in phosphine efficacy. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-02-16 /pmc/articles/PMC7887275/ /pubmed/33594183 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y Text en © The Author(s) 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Article
Lampiri, Evagelia
Agrafioti, Paraskevi
Athanassiou, Christos G.
Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_full Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_fullStr Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_full_unstemmed Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_short Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
title_sort delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7887275/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33594183
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y
work_keys_str_mv AT lampirievagelia delayedmortalityresistanceandthesweetspotasthegoodthebadandtheuglyinphosphineuse
AT agrafiotiparaskevi delayedmortalityresistanceandthesweetspotasthegoodthebadandtheuglyinphosphineuse
AT athanassiouchristosg delayedmortalityresistanceandthesweetspotasthegoodthebadandtheuglyinphosphineuse