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Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample
BACKGROUND: Fluoride from dietary and environmental sources may concentrate in calcium-containing regions of the body such as the pineal gland. The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. We examined associations between fluoride exposure and sleep outcomes...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7893939/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33602214 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00700-7 |
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author | Cunningham, Jasmyn E. A. McCague, Hugh Malin, Ashley J. Flora, David Till, Christine |
author_facet | Cunningham, Jasmyn E. A. McCague, Hugh Malin, Ashley J. Flora, David Till, Christine |
author_sort | Cunningham, Jasmyn E. A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Fluoride from dietary and environmental sources may concentrate in calcium-containing regions of the body such as the pineal gland. The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. We examined associations between fluoride exposure and sleep outcomes among older adolescents and adults in Canada. METHODS: We used population-based data from Cycle 3 (2012–2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Participants were aged 16 to 79 years and 32% lived in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured in spot samples and adjusted for specific gravity (UF(SG); n = 1303) and water fluoride concentrations were measured in tap water samples among those who reported drinking tap water (n = 1016). We used multinomial and ordered logistic regression analyses (using both unweighted and survey-weighted data) to examine associations of fluoride exposure with self-reported sleep outcomes, including sleep duration, frequency of sleep problems, and daytime sleepiness. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, chronic health conditions, and household income. RESULTS: Median (IQR) UF(SG) concentration was 0.67 (0.63) mg/L. Median (IQR) water fluoride concentration was 0.58 (0.27) mg/L among participants living in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water and 0.01 (0.06) mg/L among those living in non-fluoridated communities. A 0.5 mg/L higher water fluoride level was associated with 34% higher relative risk of reporting sleeping less than the recommended duration for age [unweighted: RRR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73; p = .026]; the relative risk was higher, though less precise, using survey-weighted data [RRR = 1.96, 95% CI: 0.99, 3.87; p = .05]. UF(SG) was not significantly associated with sleep duration. Water fluoride and UF(SG) concentration were not significantly associated with frequency of sleep problems or daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride exposure may contribute to sleeping less than the recommended duration among older adolescents and adults in Canada. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-021-00700-7. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7893939 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78939392021-02-22 Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample Cunningham, Jasmyn E. A. McCague, Hugh Malin, Ashley J. Flora, David Till, Christine Environ Health Research BACKGROUND: Fluoride from dietary and environmental sources may concentrate in calcium-containing regions of the body such as the pineal gland. The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. We examined associations between fluoride exposure and sleep outcomes among older adolescents and adults in Canada. METHODS: We used population-based data from Cycle 3 (2012–2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Participants were aged 16 to 79 years and 32% lived in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured in spot samples and adjusted for specific gravity (UF(SG); n = 1303) and water fluoride concentrations were measured in tap water samples among those who reported drinking tap water (n = 1016). We used multinomial and ordered logistic regression analyses (using both unweighted and survey-weighted data) to examine associations of fluoride exposure with self-reported sleep outcomes, including sleep duration, frequency of sleep problems, and daytime sleepiness. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, chronic health conditions, and household income. RESULTS: Median (IQR) UF(SG) concentration was 0.67 (0.63) mg/L. Median (IQR) water fluoride concentration was 0.58 (0.27) mg/L among participants living in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water and 0.01 (0.06) mg/L among those living in non-fluoridated communities. A 0.5 mg/L higher water fluoride level was associated with 34% higher relative risk of reporting sleeping less than the recommended duration for age [unweighted: RRR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73; p = .026]; the relative risk was higher, though less precise, using survey-weighted data [RRR = 1.96, 95% CI: 0.99, 3.87; p = .05]. UF(SG) was not significantly associated with sleep duration. Water fluoride and UF(SG) concentration were not significantly associated with frequency of sleep problems or daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride exposure may contribute to sleeping less than the recommended duration among older adolescents and adults in Canada. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-021-00700-7. BioMed Central 2021-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7893939/ /pubmed/33602214 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00700-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Cunningham, Jasmyn E. A. McCague, Hugh Malin, Ashley J. Flora, David Till, Christine Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample |
title | Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample |
title_full | Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample |
title_fullStr | Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample |
title_full_unstemmed | Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample |
title_short | Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample |
title_sort | fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a canadian population-based sample |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7893939/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33602214 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00700-7 |
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