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Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and approximately half of all deaths among patients with CKD are a direct result of CVD. The premature cardiovascular disease extends from mild to moderate CKD stages, and the severity of CVD and the risk...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7895596/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33628373 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6651367 |
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author | Wojtaszek, Ewa Oldakowska-Jedynak, Urszula Kwiatkowska, Marlena Glogowski, Tomasz Malyszko, Jolanta |
author_facet | Wojtaszek, Ewa Oldakowska-Jedynak, Urszula Kwiatkowska, Marlena Glogowski, Tomasz Malyszko, Jolanta |
author_sort | Wojtaszek, Ewa |
collection | PubMed |
description | Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and approximately half of all deaths among patients with CKD are a direct result of CVD. The premature cardiovascular disease extends from mild to moderate CKD stages, and the severity of CVD and the risk of death increase with a decline in kidney function. Successful kidney transplantation significantly decreases the risk of death relative to long-term dialysis treatment; nevertheless, the prevalence of CVD remains high and is responsible for approximately 20-35% of mortality in renal transplant recipients. The prevalence of traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CVD is higher in patients with CKD and transplant recipients compared with the general population; however, it can only partly explain the highly increased cardiovascular burden in CKD patients. Nontraditional risk factors, unique to CKD patients, include proteinuria, disturbed calcium, and phosphate metabolism, anemia, fluid overload, and accumulation of uremic toxins. This accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with systemic alterations including inflammation and oxidative stress which are considered crucial in CKD progression and CKD-related CVD. Kidney transplantation can mitigate the impact of some of these nontraditional factors, but they typically persist to some degree following transplantation. Taking into consideration the scarcity of data on uremic waste products, oxidative stress, and their relation to atherosclerosis in renal transplantation, in the review, we discussed the impact of uremic toxins on vascular dysfunction in CKD patients and kidney transplant recipients. Special attention was paid to the role of native and transplanted kidney function. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7895596 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-78955962021-02-23 Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation Wojtaszek, Ewa Oldakowska-Jedynak, Urszula Kwiatkowska, Marlena Glogowski, Tomasz Malyszko, Jolanta Oxid Med Cell Longev Review Article Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and approximately half of all deaths among patients with CKD are a direct result of CVD. The premature cardiovascular disease extends from mild to moderate CKD stages, and the severity of CVD and the risk of death increase with a decline in kidney function. Successful kidney transplantation significantly decreases the risk of death relative to long-term dialysis treatment; nevertheless, the prevalence of CVD remains high and is responsible for approximately 20-35% of mortality in renal transplant recipients. The prevalence of traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CVD is higher in patients with CKD and transplant recipients compared with the general population; however, it can only partly explain the highly increased cardiovascular burden in CKD patients. Nontraditional risk factors, unique to CKD patients, include proteinuria, disturbed calcium, and phosphate metabolism, anemia, fluid overload, and accumulation of uremic toxins. This accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with systemic alterations including inflammation and oxidative stress which are considered crucial in CKD progression and CKD-related CVD. Kidney transplantation can mitigate the impact of some of these nontraditional factors, but they typically persist to some degree following transplantation. Taking into consideration the scarcity of data on uremic waste products, oxidative stress, and their relation to atherosclerosis in renal transplantation, in the review, we discussed the impact of uremic toxins on vascular dysfunction in CKD patients and kidney transplant recipients. Special attention was paid to the role of native and transplanted kidney function. Hindawi 2021-02-11 /pmc/articles/PMC7895596/ /pubmed/33628373 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6651367 Text en Copyright © 2021 Ewa Wojtaszek et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Wojtaszek, Ewa Oldakowska-Jedynak, Urszula Kwiatkowska, Marlena Glogowski, Tomasz Malyszko, Jolanta Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation |
title | Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation |
title_full | Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation |
title_fullStr | Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation |
title_full_unstemmed | Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation |
title_short | Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation |
title_sort | uremic toxins, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis in chronic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7895596/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33628373 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6651367 |
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