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Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods
Extremophiles are remarkable organisms that thrive in the harshest environments on Earth, such as hydrothermal vents, hypersaline lakes and pools, alkaline soda lakes, deserts, cold oceans, and volcanic areas. These organisms have developed several strategies to overcome environmental stress and nut...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7902512/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33643258 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.630013 |
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author | Sysoev, Maksim Grötzinger, Stefan W. Renn, Dominik Eppinger, Jörg Rueping, Magnus Karan, Ram |
author_facet | Sysoev, Maksim Grötzinger, Stefan W. Renn, Dominik Eppinger, Jörg Rueping, Magnus Karan, Ram |
author_sort | Sysoev, Maksim |
collection | PubMed |
description | Extremophiles are remarkable organisms that thrive in the harshest environments on Earth, such as hydrothermal vents, hypersaline lakes and pools, alkaline soda lakes, deserts, cold oceans, and volcanic areas. These organisms have developed several strategies to overcome environmental stress and nutrient limitations. Thus, they are among the best model organisms to study adaptive mechanisms that lead to stress tolerance. Genetic and structural information derived from extremophiles and extremozymes can be used for bioengineering other nontolerant enzymes. Furthermore, extremophiles can be a valuable resource for novel biotechnological and biomedical products due to their biosynthetic properties. However, understanding life under extreme conditions is challenging due to the difficulties of in vitro cultivation and observation since > 99% of organisms cannot be cultivated. Consequently, only a minor percentage of the potential extremophiles on Earth have been discovered and characterized. Herein, we present a review of culture-independent methods, sequence-based metagenomics (SBM), and single amplified genomes (SAGs) for studying enzymes from extremophiles, with a focus on prokaryotic (archaea and bacteria) microorganisms. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive list of extremozymes discovered via metagenomics and SAGs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7902512 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79025122021-02-25 Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods Sysoev, Maksim Grötzinger, Stefan W. Renn, Dominik Eppinger, Jörg Rueping, Magnus Karan, Ram Front Microbiol Microbiology Extremophiles are remarkable organisms that thrive in the harshest environments on Earth, such as hydrothermal vents, hypersaline lakes and pools, alkaline soda lakes, deserts, cold oceans, and volcanic areas. These organisms have developed several strategies to overcome environmental stress and nutrient limitations. Thus, they are among the best model organisms to study adaptive mechanisms that lead to stress tolerance. Genetic and structural information derived from extremophiles and extremozymes can be used for bioengineering other nontolerant enzymes. Furthermore, extremophiles can be a valuable resource for novel biotechnological and biomedical products due to their biosynthetic properties. However, understanding life under extreme conditions is challenging due to the difficulties of in vitro cultivation and observation since > 99% of organisms cannot be cultivated. Consequently, only a minor percentage of the potential extremophiles on Earth have been discovered and characterized. Herein, we present a review of culture-independent methods, sequence-based metagenomics (SBM), and single amplified genomes (SAGs) for studying enzymes from extremophiles, with a focus on prokaryotic (archaea and bacteria) microorganisms. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive list of extremozymes discovered via metagenomics and SAGs. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-02-10 /pmc/articles/PMC7902512/ /pubmed/33643258 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.630013 Text en Copyright © 2021 Sysoev, Grötzinger, Renn, Eppinger, Rueping and Karan. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Sysoev, Maksim Grötzinger, Stefan W. Renn, Dominik Eppinger, Jörg Rueping, Magnus Karan, Ram Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods |
title | Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods |
title_full | Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods |
title_fullStr | Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods |
title_full_unstemmed | Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods |
title_short | Bioprospecting of Novel Extremozymes From Prokaryotes—The Advent of Culture-Independent Methods |
title_sort | bioprospecting of novel extremozymes from prokaryotes—the advent of culture-independent methods |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7902512/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33643258 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.630013 |
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