Effect of Fe–N Codoping on the Optical Properties of TiO(2) for Use in Photoelectrolysis of Water

[Image: see text] TiO(2) nanoparticles were synthesized by green chemistry where organic solvents are replaced by an aqueous extract solution of lemongrass leaves that act as a reducer and growth-stopper agent. The nanoparticles were codoped with N–Fe to modify the absorption range in the electromagnetic spectrum and were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and UV–vis/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The modified samples with Fe and N resulted in smaller nanoparticle size values than pure TiO(2). Similarly, the band-gap energy for doped nanoparticles decreased to 2.22 eV in relation to the value of 3.09 eV for pure TiO(2), due to the introduction of new energy levels.